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Index
Disaster studies, archaeological, 4–5, 106, 107
Diseases, El Niño and, 119, 127
Diversity, 1; subsistence, 213, 221
Drought, 4, 9, 55, 92, 154, 204, 230;
Mesopotamia, 168, 173–75; Mimbres
region, 207–8
Dura Europos, 169
Dust storms, and drought, 174
Early Bronze Age, 178; written record,
172–73
Early Dynastic branch, 178
Early Postclassic period, drought, 154
Earthquakes, 4; architecture built for, 59, 65;
Basin of Mexico, 148–49; coastal Peru,
119, 127, 128; knowledge of, 44, 58; Kuril
Islands, 30–31; and volcanic eruptions,
48, 50
Economies: Bronze Age Mesopotamia, 170–
71; Iceland’s, 71; redistributive, 57
Ecosystem management, 240–41
Education, 15, 240
Ekarma Island, 27
Eldfell volcano, 72
Eldgjá volcano, 68, 69, 71, 72, 78
Elites, 8, 11, 58
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO):
Andean coast, 9–10, 119–20, 127–28,
140; food procurement strategies and,
124–25; frequency of, 130–33, 134
El Paraíso, 129
El Salvador, 16; Ceren architecture, 13–14,
59, 65; volcanic eruptions in, 47–50, 57
Emergencies, decision-making and response
to, 46–47
Emergency planning, volcanic, 80–81
Engineering, hazard-disaster research, 3–4
England, epidemics in, 58
ENSO. See El Niño Southern Oscillation
Environment, 1, 201; coastal Peru, 140–41;
Iceland, 79–80
Environmental change, 1–2, 7, 238, 243–44;
Caribbean islands, 9, 92; and global climate
systems, 93–94; response to, 241–42;
and social-ecological systems, 198–200,
210–13, 237; and social evolution, 11–12;
Teotihuacan Valley, 146, 149–51, 155–56
Environmental history, collations of, 121–22
Epidemics, 58
Epi-Jomon culture, 23, 24, 34, 35, 36
Erosion: Icelandic settlement and, 79–80;
Teotihuacan Valley, 150–51, 152
Euphrates River, 169; channel shifts, 177–78;
floods on, 176–77
Europe, epidemics in, 58
Eyjafjallajökull: eruption of, 81, 82; tephra
from, 74, 83
Famines: Icelandic, 70–71, 75, 76;
Mesopotamia, 174; northern Mexico, 204
Farms, Icelandic, 71, 73. See also Agriculture;
Pastoralism
Fertilizers, in Northern Mesopotamia, 179
Festivals, seasonal, 15
Fisheries: coastal Peru, 126; Iceland, 71; Kuril
Islands, 21, 25
Flooding, 3, 4, 14, 158, 239; Caribbean, 9, 92,
96, 103, 104; El Niño and, 119–20, 127,
128; Mesopotamia, 176–77; Teotihuacan
region, 10, 151, 155; volcanogenic, 69,
72–73, 75–76, 81–82, 84
Fluorosis poisoning, 69, 74–75
Fog, Kuril Islands, 31
Folklore, 15
Food procurement strategies. See Subsistence
Formative period, volcanic eruptions, 53–54
Frambruni volcano, 72
Fur trade, Japan-Kuril, 34
Geopolitics, Kuril Islands, 24–25
Gígjökull, 82, 83
Gjálp volcano, 72
Glaciers, volcanic eruptions and, 69, 72, 82,
83
Global Human Ecodynamics, 5
Greater Antilles, 93, 94
Greenland, Norse on, 242
Grímsvötn volcano, 72
Groundwater, and volcanic eruptions, 75
Groups, size and structure of, 226–28,
233(n2)
Guabancex, 100, 103
Guatemala, Ilopango eruption, 48
Habbaniyah depression, 177
Hallmundarhraun volcano, lava flows from,
72
Hammurabi, 177, 183–84
Hamoukar, 174, 175, 186
Hazard awareness, 15, 44
Hazard-disaster research, 3–4, 43–44
Hazard management, 12, 15; Bronze Age
Mesopotamia, 170–71, 173–80; volcanic,
80–81
251