free download - University Press of Colorado

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Global Environmental Change, Resilience, and Sustainable Outcomes building social networks to provide aid and shelter to those affected. We have also recognized in recent years that hazards differentially impact the weaker segments of society and that building their capacities would disproportionately lower the overall vulnerability of the system. Related to efforts to reduce system vulnerability by lowering the sensitivity of the system is building its resilience to stresses and shocks. The resilience of a social-ecological system is defined as its ability to experience external stresses and shocks and maintain its core functioning and characteristics (Folke 2006; Holling and Gunderson 2002). Nelson and her colleagues as well as Paulette relate their case studies to ideas from resilience theory. Several key concepts resonate with the situations described in the case studies. First is that change is to be expected and welcomed rather than feared and resisted. The goal is to experience change in a “graceful” way that does not damage the system in an undesirable way. Resilience theorists have created a metaphor figure shaped like a figure 8 to represent the stages of the adaptive cycle of a system experiencing change (Holling and Gunderson 2002: figure 2.1). The adaptive cycle emphasizes the opportunity for positive growth to result from stress-induced system change. F. Stuart Chapin and his colleagues (2009: 324–328) have suggested four domains of strategies that would enhance social-ecological resilience: fostering biological, economic, and cultural diversity; fostering a mix of stabilizing feedback and creative renewal; fostering social learning through experimentation and innovation; and adapting governance to changing conditions. Among the strategies they recommend, several are particularly appropriate here. Renew the functional diversity of degraded systems after the hazard or sudden change has occurred. Foster retention of stories that illustrate past patterns of adaptation to change (eco-knowledge as described in Cooper’s chapter). Subsidize innovations that foster economic novelty and diversity. Foster stabilizing feedbacks that sustain natural and social capital. Allow modest disturbances that permit the system to adjust to changes in underlying controls. Broaden the problem definition by learning from multiple cultural and disciplinary perspectives and facilitating dialogue and knowledge coproduction among multiple groups of stakeholders. Provide an environment for leadership to emerge and trust to develop. Foster social networking that bridges communication and accountability among existing organizations. Sudden environmental change has characteristically been viewed with horror. Its unpredictability, enormity, and devastating impact on numerous people contribute to its being seen as a terrible calamity. There is no question that both modern and ancient natural hazards have caused significant loss of life and property and adversely affected many people. Unfortunately, the course of modern history seems to have made these patterns worse, not better. Damage could be reduced and loss of life minimized, and in many cases positive results 243
Charles L. Redman could emerge in the aftermath of many of these phenomena. It is laudable that this volume brings forward case studies from the past and endeavors to reanalyze them so that we might learn how to minimize our vulnerability to these hazards, build our social-ecological system’s resilience against their unavoidable occurrence, and seek ways to gracefully experience them and emerge with newly reformed and, it is hoped, improved societies. References Cited Adger, W. Neil 2006 Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16: 268–281. Chapin, F. Stuart, III, Gary P. Kofinas, Carl Folke, Stephen R. Carpenter, Per Olsson, Nick Abel, Reinette Biggs, Rosamond L. Naylor, Evelyn Pinkerton, D. Mark Stafford Smith, Will Steffen, Brian Walker, and Oran R. Young 2009 Resilience-Based Stewardship: Strategies for Navigating Sustainable Pathways in a Changing World. In Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience- Based Natural Resource Management in a Changing World, ed. F. Stuart Chapin III, Gary P. Kofinas, and Carl Folke. Springer, New York, pp. 319–337. Diamond, Jared 2005 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Viking, New York. Folke, Carl 2006 Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective for Social-Ecological Systems Analyses. Global Environmental Change 16(3): 253–267. Friedman, Thomas 1999 The Lexus and the Olive Tree. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. Holling, C. S., and Lance H. Gunderson 2002 Resilience and Adaptive Cycles. In Panarchy, ed. Lance H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling. Island, Washington, DC, pp. 2–62. McGovern, Thomas H., Gerald Bigelow, Thomas Amorosi, and Daniel Russell 1988 Northern Islands, Human Error, and Environmental Degradation: A View of Social and Ecological Change in the Medieval North Atlantic. Human Ecology 16(3): 225–270. Redman, Charles L. 1999 Human Impact on Ancient Environments. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Turner, Billie L., II, Pamela A. Matson, James J. McCarthy, Robert W. Corelli, Lindsey Christensen, Noelle Edkley, Grete K. Hovelsrud-Broda, Jeanne X. Kasperson, Roger E. Kasperson, Amy Luers, Marybeth L. Martello, Svein Mathiesen, Rosamond Naylor, Colin Polsky, Alexander Pulsipher, Andrew Schiller, Henrik Selin, and Nicholas Tyler 2003 Illustrating the Coupled Human-Environment System for Vulnerability Analysis: Three Case Studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(14): 8080–8085. 244
Page 2:
Surviving Sudden Environmental Chan
Page 5 and 6:
© 2012 by the University Press of
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Chapter 5. Collation, Corr
Page 9 and 10:
Thomas H. McGovern Maine, on Octobe
Page 11 and 12:
Thomas H. McGovern as this excellen
Page 13 and 14:
Thomas H. McGovern McGovern, Thomas
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter Abstracts eruptions, earthq
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter Abstracts this is so becaus
Page 19 and 20:
Chapter Abstracts and concomitant f
Page 21 and 22:
Chapter Abstracts Chapter 8 Long-Te
Page 24:
Surviving Sudden Environmental Chan
Page 27 and 28:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The m
Page 29 and 30:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper techn
Page 31 and 32:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The b
Page 33 and 34:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper or mi
Page 35 and 36:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper tial
Page 37 and 38:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper to co
Page 39 and 40:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper first
Page 41 and 42:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper and-c
Page 43 and 44:
Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper Burto
Page 45 and 46:
Ben Fitzhugh enhanced support for r
Page 47 and 48:
Ben Fitzhugh islands, which are als
Page 49 and 50:
Ben Fitzhugh and millet farming sub
Page 51 and 52:
Ben Fitzhugh 1.2. Eruption of Saryc
Page 53 and 54:
Ben Fitzhugh a greater proportion o
Page 55 and 56:
Ben Fitzhugh but reoccupation proce
Page 57 and 58:
Ben Fitzhugh Large storms pass thro
Page 59 and 60:
Ben Fitzhugh densely populated regi
Page 61 and 62:
Ben Fitzhugh of sustainable settlem
Page 63 and 64:
Ben Fitzhugh Blaikie, P., T. Cannon
Page 65 and 66:
Ben Fitzhugh Marquardt, W. H. 1988
Page 67 and 68:
Ben Fitzhugh Understanding Hazards,
Page 69 and 70:
Payson Sheets a society, or which c
Page 71 and 72:
Payson Sheets 2.1. Map of Mexico an
Page 73 and 74:
Payson Sheets 2.3. Ilopango volcani
Page 75 and 76:
Payson Sheets area such as El Salva
Page 77 and 78:
Payson Sheets The Barriles society
Page 79 and 80:
Payson Sheets 2.7. Cuicuilco, highl
Page 81 and 82:
Payson Sheets communities around th
Page 83 and 84:
Payson Sheets heading out to sea af
Page 85 and 86:
Payson Sheets successful mitigation
Page 87 and 88:
Payson Sheets Michels, Joe 1979 A H
Page 89 and 90:
Payson Sheets Understanding Hazards
Page 92 and 93:
three Black Sun, High Flame, and Fl
Page 94 and 95:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood th
Page 96 and 97:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood fa
Page 98 and 99:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Bo
Page 100 and 101:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood et
Page 102 and 103:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Te
Page 104 and 105:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood In
Page 106 and 107:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Th
Page 108 and 109:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood 3.
Page 110 and 111:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Ac
Page 112 and 113:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Ha
Page 114:
Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Un
Page 117 and 118:
Jago Cooper The absence of other ca
Page 119 and 120:
Jago Cooper causality and the relat
Page 121 and 122:
Jago Cooper scale case studies to c
Page 123 and 124:
Jago Cooper the Caribbean lacks the
Page 125 and 126:
Jago Cooper record of hurricane lan
Page 127 and 128:
Jago Cooper but at this stage the f
Page 129 and 130:
Jago Cooper paleoenvironmental sett
Page 131 and 132:
Jago Cooper Summary and Future Rese
Page 133 and 134:
Jago Cooper Beck, Warren J., Jacque
Page 135 and 136:
Jago Cooper Goudie, Andrew 2006 The
Page 137 and 138:
Jago Cooper Redman, Charles L., and
Page 139 and 140:
Jago Cooper Understanding Hazards,
Page 142 and 143:
Five Collation, Correlation, and Ca
Page 144 and 145:
Collation, Correlation, and Causati
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166:
Page 169 and 170:
Emily McClung de Tapia 6.1. Prehisp
Page 171 and 172:
Emily McClung de Tapia 6.2. Locatio
Page 173 and 174:
Emily McClung de Tapia the importan
Page 175 and 176:
Emily McClung de Tapia remains, sug
Page 177 and 178:
Emily McClung de Tapia 6.3. Erosion
Page 179 and 180:
Emily McClung de Tapia construction
Page 181 and 182:
Emily McClung de Tapia indigenous p
Page 183 and 184:
6.4. Flooding of the major highway
Page 185 and 186:
Emily McClung de Tapia D. Qin, M. M
Page 187 and 188:
Emily McClung de Tapia Lounejeva-Ba
Page 189 and 190:
Emily McClung de Tapia Rivera-Uria,
Page 192 and 193:
Seven Domination and Resilience in
Page 194 and 195:
Domination and Resilience in Bronze
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219: Domination and Resilience in Bronze
Page 220: Domination and Resilience in Bronze
Page 223 and 224: Nelson et al. Mexico (figure 8.1) t
Page 225 and 226: Nelson et al. what (Carpenter et al
Page 227 and 228: Nelson et al. 8.2. Images that illu
Page 229 and 230: Nelson et al. Specifically, we aske
Page 231 and 232: Nelson et al. its value in making a
Page 233 and 234: Nelson et al. 8.4). However, an ext
Page 235 and 236: Nelson et al. floodwater gave way t
Page 237 and 238: Nelson et al. 8.6. A Classic Mimbre
Page 239 and 240: Nelson et al. 3. Isolation can cont
Page 241 and 242: Nelson et al. Folke, Carl 2006 Resi
Page 243 and 244: Nelson et al. Tiempos Prehispánico
Page 245 and 246: Nelson et al. Turney, Omar 1929 Pre
Page 248 and 249: Nine Social Evolution, Hazards, and
Page 250 and 251: Social Evolution, Hazards, and Resi
Page 262 and 263: ten Global Environmental Change, Re
Page 264 and 265: Global Environmental Change, Resili
Page 266 and 267: Global Environmental Change, Resili
Page 270 and 271: Contributors David A. Abbott Arizon
Page 272: Contributors Jeffrey Quilter Harvar
Page 275 and 276: Index Bárdarbunga volcano, 72 Barr
Page 277 and 278: Index Hazards, 3, 6, 42, 92, 106, 2
Page 279 and 280: Index Paramushir Island, 25 Pastora
Page 281: Index social-ecological structure,
show all

free download - University Press of Colorado

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?