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Index
Paramushir Island, 25
Pastoralism: Iceland, 71, 76; Mesopotamia,
168–69, 175
Peru, coastal, 117–18, 121; archaeology,
128–30; ENSO, 9–10, 119–20; food
procurement systems, 124–26, 239;
human-environment interaction, 140–41;
key hazards, 126–28; social complexity,
130–33, 133, 134, 134–35
Peru Current, marine resources, 126–27
Peten, Ilopango eruption, 48, 55
Petroglyphs, as boundary markers, 51
Phoenix basin, Hohokam irrigation systems,
208–9
Physical sciences, hazard-disaster research, 3–4
Playon volcano, 50
Pollen analysis, Teotihuacan region, 148,
149–50
Pollution, from Icelandic volcanoes, 69,
74–75
Popocatepetl, 52–53, 232
Population: coastal Peru, 130–35; Iceland,
76; Teotihuacan, 146–47; US Southwest,
229–30
Population density, 28, 52, 59, 239
Population growth, 2, 16, 59–60, 130, 208,
233; land ownership and, 231, 232; and
volcanic eruptions, 28, 52
Preceramic Period, coastal Peru, 130
Precipitation, 10, 157, 168, 200; in
Caribbean, 97–98, 100; coastal Peru, 126,
127
Puebla, 53
Puebla-Tlaxcala region, goods from, 153
Punta Alegre, 102
Putun Maya, 55–56
Pyramids, Basin of Mexico, 54
Pyroclastic flows, Iceland, 69
Radiocarbon dating, 77, 102, 130
Rasshua Island, 28–29, 35
Rasshua 1, 28–29
Rauðalækr, 73
Redistribution systems, Mesopotamia, 181
Refugees, 3; from volcanic eruptions, 53, 54,
56, 145
Relief organizations, 14
Religion, 2, 3; hazard and disaster knowledge
in, 57–58, 100; response to mega-disasters,
58–59
Resilience, 6, 20, 92, 147, 197; Icelandic communities,
76, 89; Mesopotamia, 10–11,
180–85; of small-scale mobile societies,
36–37; social-ecological systems and, 198–
200, 213, 243; sociopolitical organization
and, 45–50; to volcanic eruptions, 57, 59
Revegetation, 73
Revolts, Kuril Islands, 35
Reykjahlíð, 71
Reykjanes Peninsula, 71
Rigidity traps: Mesa Verde region, 230–31; in
social-ecological systems, 210–13
Risks, 3, 6, 149; El Niño and, 130–33, 134
Ritual practice, 15
River channels, shifts in, 177–78
Robustness, 198
Russia, and Kuril Islands, 24–25, 34, 35
Saint Helens ash, Mt., 48
Salinas de Chao, 129
Salinas region (N.M.), 201, 202
Salinization, Mesopotamia, 178–79, 183
Samsuiluna, 177, 184
Sandur plains, 73
San Juan, Rio, 151
San Lorenzo, Rio, 151
San Salvador volcano, 50, 57
Santa Valley, archaeology of, 130
Sarychev volcano, 26, 26–27
Satsumon culture, 23
Save the Children, urban planning, 103
Sea level rise, Caribbean islands, 9, 95–97, 97
Sea lions, 21
Seals, 21
Sedentism, 240
Seismicity, Kuril Islands, 22
Self-reliance, Icelandic communities, 89
Service, Elman, on cultural evolution, 224–25
Settlement location, 13, 35–36, 71, 238–29,
239, 240; Caribbean islands, 9, 102–5;
tsunamis and, 30–31; volcanogenic flooding
and, 72–73
Shellfish, 21
Shiashkotan Island, 24, 28
Shikotan Island, 24
Shumshu Island, 28
Simushir Island, 24, 28
Skeiðarársandur plain, 73
Skerin fissure, 82
Skógasandur, 73
Social change, 3 48, 229–30
Social complexity, 20, 123–24; coastal Peru,
130–33, 134, 134–35; Teotihuacan Valley,
156–57; vulnerability and, 45–50, 54–55
254