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PREFACE This ninth edition of Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences should appeal to the same audience for which the first eight editions were written: advanced undergraduate students, beginning graduate students, and health professionals in need of a reference book on statistical methodology. Like its predecessors, this edition requires few mathematical prerequisites. Only reasonable proficiency in algebra is required for an understanding of the concepts and methods underlying the calculations. The emphasis continues to be on an intuitive understanding of principles rather than an understanding based on mathematical sophistication. For most of the statistical techniques covered in this edition, we discuss the capabilities of one or more software packages (MINITAB, SAS, SPSS, and NCSS) that may be used to perform the calculations needed for their application. Resulting screen displays are also shown. NEW TO THIS EDITION Chapter Overviews. In this edition, we introduce each chapter with a brief chapter overview that alerts students to the concepts that they will encounter as they read and study the chapter. The chapter overviews use non-technical language in order to provide students with a general understanding of the chapter contents without having to be confronted with unfamiliar terminology. Leaning Outcomes. Before they begin reading each chapter, students are provided with a list of learning outcomes that inform them of what they will be expected to know after having read and studied the chapter. Instructors may also use the learning outcomes as guides when preparing chapter-by-chapter syllabi. Summaries of Equations. Where appropriate, students will find at the ends of chapters a summary of the equations that were used in the chapter. This feature will provide students with a quick reference source when working on homework assignments. Instructors who wish to do so may allow students to bring copies of the equation summaries to the classroom for use during tests. New Topics. Following is a chapter-by-chapter summary of the topics that are new to this edition of Biostatistics. v
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Page 16: PREFACE vii Chapter 13 Nonparametri
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CHAPTER2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS CHA
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2.2 THE ORDERED ARRAY 21 TABLE 2.2.
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2.3 GROUPED DATA: THE FREQUENCY DIS
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EXERCISES 31 3 = an abundance of so
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EXERCISES 33 25.21 30.49 27.38 36.4
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EXERCISES 35 2.3.7 In a study of ph
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EXERCISES 37 0.6870 0.6900 0.6910 0
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2.4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: MEASURE
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EXERCISES 53 artery. Another import
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 2 S
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 57 6
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 59 a
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 61 2
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REFERENCES 63 REFERENCES Methodolog
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CHAPTER3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CON
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3.2 TWO VIEWS OF PROBABILITY: OBJEC
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3.4 CALCULATING THE PROBABILITY OF
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EXERCISES 77 victimization. The fol
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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EXERCISES 83 We see that the predic
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 87 (
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 89
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REFERENCES 91 23. The sensitivity o
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CHAPTER 4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
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4.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF DI
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4.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF DI
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EXERCISES 99 distributions of many
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 101 S
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 103 T
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 105 S
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 107 F
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 109 4.
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 111 wh
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EXERCISES 113 Using commands found
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 117 Thu
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 119 FIG
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 121 0 2
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4.7 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION
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4.7 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION
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Similarly, for x = 649 we have 4.7
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4.8 SUMMARY 129 (c) Between 100 and
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CHAPTER5 SOME IMPORTANT SAMPLING DI
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5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
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EXERCISES 145 central limit theorem
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5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE
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5.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE PROP
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5.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE PROP
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EXERCISES 157 old are drawn from th
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REFERENCES 161 29. For each of the
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6.1 INTRODUCTION 163 LEARNING OUTCO
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6.1 INTRODUCTION 165 to m, we know
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6.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR A POPUL
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EXERCISES 171 Dialog box: Stat ➤
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to replace s. When the sample size
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 175 they mea
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EXERCISES 177 reported 3.5 ; 0.4 nL
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6.4 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE DIF
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EXERCISES 183 Yes Population normal
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6.7 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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EXERCISES 191 2. Estimates of may b
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EXERCISES 193 greater than, say, .3
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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6.11 SUMMARY 203 populations of sim
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 6 2
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REFERENCES 213 A-8. SILVIA IANNELO,
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CHAPTER7 HYPOTHESIS TESTING CHAPTER
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 217 determine whet
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 219 to reject or n
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 221 8. Statistical
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7.2 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE PO
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EXERCISES 235 WOMAC mean function s
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7.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE DIFFERE
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EXERCISES 247 in healthy postmenopa
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EXERCISES 249 the local health depa
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 251 use of r
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percents from the postop percents.
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Paired T-Test and CI: C2, C1 Paired
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EXERCISES 257 Baseline Follow-up Ba
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EXERCISES 261 EXERCISES For each of
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.10 DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE TO CON
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54. The objective of a study by Rei
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REFERENCES 301 REFERENCES Methodolo
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REFERENCES 303 Veins Due to Greater
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CHAPTER8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE CHAPT
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 307 is variability
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8.2 THE COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIG
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Dependent Variable: Selenium Tukey
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EXERCISES 329 Elbow Angle (Degrees)
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EXERCISES 331 Age Groups (Years) Ag
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EXERCISES 333 Group 1 Group 2 Group
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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x ij (a) Each that is observed cons
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9. Conclusion. If we reject H 0 , w
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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EXERCISES 343 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 345 8.3.3 A remotivation
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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EXERCISES 351 The ANOVA Procedure D
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 353 Su
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 355 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 357 re
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 359 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 361 5.
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 363 Di
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EXERCISES 365 Percent Compared to T
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EXERCISES 367 Change in Change in F
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REFERENCES 405 A-7. FARHAD ATASSI,
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REFERENCES 407 A-44. JIN-R. ZHOU, E
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CHAPTER9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION A
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9.2 THE REGRESSION MODEL 411 to be
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9.3 THE SAMPLE REGRESSION EQUATION
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EXERCISES 419 The Least-Squares Cri
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EXERCISES 421 CoaguChek Hospital Co
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9.4 EVALUATING THE REGRESSION EQUAT
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 9
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 4
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9.6 THE CORRELATION MODEL 441 9.6 T
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9.7 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 443
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EXERCISES 451 is employed. We first
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9.7.3 In the study by Parker et al.
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9.8 SOME PRECAUTIONS 455 X Y X Y 5.
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REFERENCES 483 9. WILLIAM MENDENHAL
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CHAPTER10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND C
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10.2 THE MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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EXERCISES 493 EXERCISES Obtain the
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EXERCISES 495 10.3.3 In a study of
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10.4 EVALUATING THE MULTIPLE REGRES
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R 2 R 2 1. and all b N i significan
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EXERCISES 505 of age and has an edu
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10.6 THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION MODEL
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EXERCISES 517 HIV DNA Blood HIV Co-
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 10
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REFERENCES 533 4. Refer to the data
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CHAPTER11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME
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11.1 INTRODUCTION 537 TABLE 11.1.1
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11.2 QUALITATIVE INDEPENDENT VARIAB
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Note in these examples that when th
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EXERCISES 553 age of the subject (y
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EXERCISES 555 11.2.4 Refer to Exerc
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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EXERCISES 561 CGAGE CGINCOME CGDUR
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EXERCISES 563 11.3.2 Machiel Naeije
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 565 REACTI
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 567 betwee
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 569 The LO
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 571 Standa
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 573 Parame
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11.5 SUMMARY 575 Hospital Anxiety a
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REFERENCES 591 A-3. MANOJ PANDEY, L
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CHAPTER12 THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTI
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12.2 THE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES OF
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e equal to zero for each pair of ob
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 599 3
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 601 C
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 603 W
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 605 E
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 607 E
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 609 u
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EXERCISES 611 Test the goodness-of-
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a n 1. n ban .1 n b 12.4 TESTS OF I
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 615 3. H
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 617 The
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 619 EXAM
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EXERCISES 621 EXERCISES In the exer
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 623 Polic
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 625 data,
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EXERCISES 627 If we wish to test th
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12.6 THE FISHER EXACT TEST 629 12.5
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, A - a, and B - b are all greater
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EXERCISES 633 Pl * Remained Cross-T
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12.7 RELATIVE RISK, ODDS RATIO, AND
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EXERCISES 647 12.7.2 The objective
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 649 (3) the
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 651 techniqu
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 653 TABLE 12
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cumulative proportion changes from
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 657 TABLE 12
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 659 Means an
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EXERCISES 661 EXERCISES 12.8.1 Fift
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EXERCISES 663 (c) Explain the meani
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 12
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REFERENCES 679 19. WENDELL E. CARR,
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A-30. A-31. A-32. A-33. A-34. A-35.
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CHAPTER13 NONPARAMETRIC AND DISTRIB
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13.2 MEASUREMENT SCALES 685 measure
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 687 TABLE 13.3.1
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 689 7. Calculati
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 691 TABLE 13.3.4
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EXERCISES 693 Data: C1: 4 5 8 8 9 6
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.5 THE MEDIAN TEST 699 Subject 1
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13.5 THE MEDIAN TEST 701 TABLE 13.5
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 703 Woul
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 705 TABL
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 707 FIGU
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EXERCISES 709 Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon
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13.7 THE KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV GOODNES
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13.8 THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS ONE-WAY ANA
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EXERCISES 723 Young (19-50 Years) S
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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13.10 THE SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION
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EXERCISES 739 Duration of Follow-Up
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13.11 NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION ANAL
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13.12 SUMMARY 743 36.4046 59.15 39.
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REFERENCES 761 8. W. H. KRUSKAL and
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CHAPTER14 VITAL STATISTICS CHAPTER
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2. Ratio. A ratio is a fraction of
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14.2 DEATH RATES AND RATIOS 767 TAB
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14.2 DEATH RATES AND RATIOS 769 Som
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EXERCISES 771 EXERCISES 14.2.1 The
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14.3 MEASURES OF FERTILITY 773 1. C
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EXERCISES 775 Age of Number of Birt
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14.5 SUMMARY 777 4. Immaturity rati
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REFERENCES 783 A-7. Georgia Divisio
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES List of
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-3 TAB
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TABLE B (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE C (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE D (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-41 TA
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TABLE G (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE H (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE J (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE K (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE L (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE N (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-103 T
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-105 A
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A
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Family error rate = 0.0500 Individu
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The regression equation is WL = 0.7
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S 1.06 1.01 0.990 R-Sq 8.57 18.10 2
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INDEX Numbers preceded by A refer t
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INDEX I-3 H Histogram, 25-27 Hypoth
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INDEX I-5 Rate, 764-765 Ratio, 765
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