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206 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION • df degrees of freedom • F F-distribution • m mean of population • n sample size • p proportion for population • q (1 p) • pN estimated proportion for sample • s 2 population variance • s population standard deviation • s x standard error • s standard deviation of sample • s p pooled standard deviation • t Student’s t-transformation • t Cochran’s correction to t • x mean of sample • z standard normal distribution REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 1. What is statistical inference 2. Why is estimation an important type of inference 3. What is a point estimate 4. Explain the meaning of unbiasedness. 5. Define the following: (a) Reliability coefficient (c) Precision (e) Estimator (b) Confidence coefficient (d) Standard error (f) Margin of error 6. Give the general formula for a confidence interval. 7. State the probabilistic and practical interpretations of a confidence interval. 8. Of what use is the central limit theorem in estimation 9. Describe the t distribution. 10. What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating a single population mean 11. What is the finite population correction When can it be ignored 12. What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating the difference between two population means 13. Arterial blood gas analyses performed on a sample of 15 physically active adult males yielded the following resting PaO 2 values: 75, 80, 80, 74, 84, 78, 89, 72, 83, 76, 75, 87, 78, 79, 88
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PUBLISHER ACQUISITIONS EDITOR ASSOC
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vi PREFACE Chapter 1 Introduction t
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viii PREFACE Edward Danial David El
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x CONTENTS 6.3 The t Distribution 1
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2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTAT
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10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTA
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20 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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66 CHAPTER 3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY
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94 CHAPTER 4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTI
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100 CHAPTER 4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUT
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136 CHAPTER 5 SOME IMPORTANT SAMPLI
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CHAPTER6 ESTIMATION CHAPTER OVERVIE
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164 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION We will fi
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166 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION many insta
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168 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION Interval E
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170 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION Solution:
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172 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION someone wh
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174 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION Normal dis
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176 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION Yes Popula
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178 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION Construct
Page 386: 180 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION By Equatio
Page 390: 182 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION The proble
Page 394: 184 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION error of t
Page 398: 186 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION distributi
Page 402: 188 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION EXAMPLE 6.
Page 406: 190 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION since the
Page 410: 192 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION age of per
Page 414: 194 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION 6.9 CONFID
Page 418: 196 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION FIGURE 6.9
Page 422: 198 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION for s 2 ,
Page 426: 200 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION f (x) 1.0
Page 430: 202 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION the column
Page 434: 204 CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATION SUMMARY OF
Page 440: REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 207
Page 452: REFERENCES 213 A-8. SILVIA IANNELO,
Page 456: CHAPTER7 HYPOTHESIS TESTING CHAPTER
Page 460: 7.1 INTRODUCTION 217 determine whet
Page 464: 7.1 INTRODUCTION 219 to reject or n
Page 468: 7.1 INTRODUCTION 221 8. Statistical
Page 472: 7.2 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE PO
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7.2 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE PO
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EXERCISES 235 WOMAC mean function s
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7.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE DIFFERE
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EXERCISES 247 in healthy postmenopa
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EXERCISES 249 the local health depa
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 251 use of r
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percents from the postop percents.
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Paired T-Test and CI: C2, C1 Paired
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EXERCISES 257 Baseline Follow-up Ba
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EXERCISES 261 EXERCISES For each of
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.10 DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE TO CON
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 7 2
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 283
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54. The objective of a study by Rei
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REFERENCES 301 REFERENCES Methodolo
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REFERENCES 303 Veins Due to Greater
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CHAPTER8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE CHAPT
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 307 is variability
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8.2 THE COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIG
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Dependent Variable: Selenium Tukey
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EXERCISES 329 Elbow Angle (Degrees)
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EXERCISES 331 Age Groups (Years) Ag
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EXERCISES 333 Group 1 Group 2 Group
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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x ij (a) Each that is observed cons
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9. Conclusion. If we reject H 0 , w
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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EXERCISES 343 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 345 8.3.3 A remotivation
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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EXERCISES 351 The ANOVA Procedure D
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 353 Su
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 355 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 357 re
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 359 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 361 5.
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 363 Di
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EXERCISES 365 Percent Compared to T
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EXERCISES 367 Change in Change in F
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 8 S
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REFERENCES 405 A-7. FARHAD ATASSI,
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REFERENCES 407 A-44. JIN-R. ZHOU, E
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CHAPTER9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION A
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9.2 THE REGRESSION MODEL 411 to be
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9.3 THE SAMPLE REGRESSION EQUATION
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EXERCISES 419 The Least-Squares Cri
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EXERCISES 421 CoaguChek Hospital Co
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9.4 EVALUATING THE REGRESSION EQUAT
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 9
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 4
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9.6 THE CORRELATION MODEL 441 9.6 T
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9.7 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 443
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EXERCISES 451 is employed. We first
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9.7.3 In the study by Parker et al.
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9.8 SOME PRECAUTIONS 455 X Y X Y 5.
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REFERENCES 483 9. WILLIAM MENDENHAL
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CHAPTER10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND C
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10.2 THE MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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EXERCISES 493 EXERCISES Obtain the
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EXERCISES 495 10.3.3 In a study of
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10.4 EVALUATING THE MULTIPLE REGRES
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R 2 R 2 1. and all b N i significan
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EXERCISES 505 of age and has an edu
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10.6 THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION MODEL
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EXERCISES 517 HIV DNA Blood HIV Co-
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 10
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REFERENCES 533 4. Refer to the data
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CHAPTER11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME
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11.1 INTRODUCTION 537 TABLE 11.1.1
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11.2 QUALITATIVE INDEPENDENT VARIAB
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Note in these examples that when th
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EXERCISES 553 age of the subject (y
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EXERCISES 555 11.2.4 Refer to Exerc
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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EXERCISES 561 CGAGE CGINCOME CGDUR
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EXERCISES 563 11.3.2 Machiel Naeije
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 565 REACTI
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 567 betwee
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 569 The LO
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 571 Standa
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 573 Parame
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11.5 SUMMARY 575 Hospital Anxiety a
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REFERENCES 591 A-3. MANOJ PANDEY, L
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CHAPTER12 THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTI
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12.2 THE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES OF
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e equal to zero for each pair of ob
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 599 3
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 601 C
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 603 W
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 605 E
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 607 E
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 609 u
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EXERCISES 611 Test the goodness-of-
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a n 1. n ban .1 n b 12.4 TESTS OF I
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 615 3. H
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 617 The
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 619 EXAM
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EXERCISES 621 EXERCISES In the exer
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 623 Polic
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 625 data,
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EXERCISES 627 If we wish to test th
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12.6 THE FISHER EXACT TEST 629 12.5
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, A - a, and B - b are all greater
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EXERCISES 633 Pl * Remained Cross-T
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12.7 RELATIVE RISK, ODDS RATIO, AND
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EXERCISES 647 12.7.2 The objective
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 649 (3) the
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 651 techniqu
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 653 TABLE 12
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cumulative proportion changes from
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 657 TABLE 12
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12.8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 659 Means an
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EXERCISES 661 EXERCISES 12.8.1 Fift
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EXERCISES 663 (c) Explain the meani
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 12
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REFERENCES 679 19. WENDELL E. CARR,
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A-30. A-31. A-32. A-33. A-34. A-35.
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CHAPTER13 NONPARAMETRIC AND DISTRIB
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13.2 MEASUREMENT SCALES 685 measure
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 687 TABLE 13.3.1
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 689 7. Calculati
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 691 TABLE 13.3.4
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EXERCISES 693 Data: C1: 4 5 8 8 9 6
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.5 THE MEDIAN TEST 699 Subject 1
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13.5 THE MEDIAN TEST 701 TABLE 13.5
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 703 Woul
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 705 TABL
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 707 FIGU
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EXERCISES 709 Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon
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13.7 THE KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV GOODNES
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13.8 THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS ONE-WAY ANA
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EXERCISES 723 Young (19-50 Years) S
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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EXERCISES 729 Dialog box: Stat ➤
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13.10 THE SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION
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EXERCISES 737 Dialog box: Stat ➤
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EXERCISES 739 Duration of Follow-Up
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13.11 NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION ANAL
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13.12 SUMMARY 743 36.4046 59.15 39.
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REFERENCES 761 8. W. H. KRUSKAL and
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CHAPTER14 VITAL STATISTICS CHAPTER
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2. Ratio. A ratio is a fraction of
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14.2 DEATH RATES AND RATIOS 767 TAB
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14.2 DEATH RATES AND RATIOS 769 Som
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EXERCISES 771 EXERCISES 14.2.1 The
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14.3 MEASURES OF FERTILITY 773 1. C
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EXERCISES 775 Age of Number of Birt
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14.5 SUMMARY 777 4. Immaturity rati
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REFERENCES 783 A-7. Georgia Divisio
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES List of
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-3 TAB
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TABLE B (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE C (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE D (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-41 TA
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TABLE G (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE H (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE J (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE K (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE L (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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TABLE N (continued ) APPENDIX STATI
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-103 T
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APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES A-105 A
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A
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Family error rate = 0.0500 Individu
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The regression equation is WL = 0.7
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S 1.06 1.01 0.990 R-Sq 8.57 18.10 2
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INDEX Numbers preceded by A refer t
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INDEX I-3 H Histogram, 25-27 Hypoth
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INDEX I-5 Rate, 764-765 Ratio, 765
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