Safety_Series_041_1975 - gnssn - International Atomic Energy ...

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This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ T A B L E X X V III. B N F W IN D SCALE M a te ria l S am p lin g frequ en cy Sam p ling lo c a tio n A nalysis Seaw eed (Porphyra) Fortnightly in v ic in ity o f p ip e -lin e Q u arterly at m o re d istant points 5 points 0 -7 m ile s along C u m b erlan d coast 3 points 6 -2 8 m iles Fish Tw o m onthly Offshore b etw een S t. Bees Head S e a bed mud V aries with d ista n ce from p ip e -lin e betw een every 3 m onths and annually and Ravenglass Solw ay Firth to M illo m (m in im um o f 9 positions) Includes 1C6Ru, lAAC e , 95Z r / , 5Nb, 48Sr and alp h a a c tiv ity Includes 106Ru, 137C s, s°Sr, 144C e and to ta l alpha a c tiv ity Includes to ta l b e ta a c tiv ity , 106Ru, I44C e , 95Z r / 5Nb, 137C s, 134C s, 103Ru, and alp ha a c tiv ity Sh ore silt W hen deposited L o ca l beaches G am m a and b e ta dose rates Estuarin e mud bank silt Q u arterly Eskm eals, Ravenglass G am m a and b eta dose rates S ilt sam p les ta k e n , analysis in clu d es , , . . 1 0 6 „ 1 4 4 „ to ta l b e ta a c tiv ity , Ru, C e , 95Z r/95Nb and 137Cs 114 APPENDIX IV S ea w a te r V a ria b le V icin ity o f p ip e -lin e , S e a s c a le , Braystones plus m o re extended surveys Includes 106Ru, 137Cs and 90Sr M ilk D a ily sam ples bulked over a fortnight and c o lle c te d Fortn ig h tly sam p les o f m ilk produced on day o f c o lle c tio n F iv e farm s w ithin 1 -5 m ile s F iv e farm s 2 - 4 m ile s Tw o referen ce farm s at 20 m ile s 90Sr, 89Sr, c a lc iu m 137 Cs 131 j G rass, root m a t, so il A nnually From m ilk producing farm s ab ove 9 Op , . 137_ 106 Sr, c a lc iu m , C s, Ru, 55Z r / 95Nb R ain w ater M onthly (4 points on site) 1 point 2 m ile s from site 1 point four m ile s from site In clu d es 90Sr, ^ S r, 137C s, i34Cs (10SRu, 239Pu)
This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ APPENDIX IV 1 15 Dounreay. Contamination of critical m aterials is also easily measurable at Bradwell and Trawsfynydd nuclear power stations, even though radiological exposure is lower than for Windscale. These examples are among the best for monitoring schem es, and those for the power station discharges illustrate two quite different environments, the discharges being made to saline water from Bradwell, and to fresh water from Trawsfynydd. UKAEA W indscale,'Cumberland This site contains the principal facilities of the United Kingdom <strong>Atomic</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Authority for reprocessing spent fuel, and waste from .this plant is effectively responsible for the whole of the radioactivity in the effluent; the reactor operations of the Calder Works and the AGR development make nonsignificant contribution. Effluent com position has been discussed by Howells and, though it is com plex and subject to variations, four nuclides dominate the control situation — ruthenium-106, zirconium -95/niobium -95 and, occasionally, cerium -144. Critical group of laverbread consumers The critical group are eaters of laverbread, a foodstuff manufactured from the edible seaweed of the genus Porphyra and eaten in South Wales. The critical nuclide is ruthenium-106, although ceriu m -144 som etim es occurs to an extent which is just significant; it is then also considered. The critical organ is the GI tract, and exposure to other organs from the combination of radionuclides is relatively small. The seaweed is harvested regularly over m ore than 30 m iles of the Cumberland coast and concentrations of radioactivity in it are significant over this whole area. The relative importance of different collection centres varies: in an unpredictable manner and, because of this, a chain of eleven sampling points is maintained which spans all the important collection areas. Measurements from these samples are sufficient to predict concentration elsewhere, and the relationship between discharge rate and concentration of ruthenium-106 in Porphyra has been well established by this type of monitoring during recent years^ Samples are collected at monthly intervals, and analysis, prim arily for ruthenium-106, zirconium -95 and niobium-95, is carried out by gam m a-spectrom etry. Cerium-144 can be detected
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1M|137CJ g 1 litre 134Cs C 3 .5 lit
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