Safety_Series_041_1975 - gnssn - International Atomic Energy ...

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This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ 14 SECTION IV each food -ch ain pathway. F or exam ple, in the case where the p la n t-cow -m ilk -m a n food chain is determ ined to De a critica l pathway, it m ay not be n ecessa ry to extensively sam ple and m easure grazing plants to keep track of io d in e -131 cyclin g in the food chain, since sam pling and m easuring the m ilk produced by dairy cow s in surrounding areas m ay be adequate. Where use o f a single indicator medium is im p ra ctica l, sam ples of sev era l m edia from each pathway should be collected and analysed. 423. F or relea ses to fresh and coastal waters the routes of exposure are gen erally through drinking w ater, irrigated food stu ffs, fish and other edible organ ism s and through contam ination of beaches and s o ils . In areas where sola r evaporated salt is consum ed d irectly , such salt should be m onitored fo r p ossib le contam ination. In gen eral, nuclides o f v ery short h a lf-life are not of prim e con cern for planned re leases and very often m ea su rements do not need to be made fo r such n uclides. H ow ever, con sideration should be given to p ossible lon g -liv ed daughter products. 424. In those ca ses where coolin g or waste ponds are located at an installation, nearby ground w ater w ells and su rface water should be m onitored for p ossible tran sfer of radioactive contam ination through seepage from the ponds. To prevent such seepage, som e designs provide for the sealing of bottom s and sides of ponds. If this is done, m onitoring may not be requ ired , though m onitoring o f the ground w ater may be one of the n e ce ssa ry checks fo r detecting significant leaks in the system . In situations where radioactive w astes are bu ried, m onitoring should be ca rried out to detect any contam ination of the ground o r su rface w aters from such burial p ra ctice s. SURVEYS FOR USE WITH UNPLANNED RELEASES FROM AN INSTALLATION [3] 425. The basic fa ctors fo r planning em ergen cy surveys w ill be established by the p re-op era tion a l investigations and m odified as n e cessa ry through evaluation o f operational su rvey resu lts. In particu lar, an assessm en t must be made of the consequences o f sev era l d egrees o f accidents leading to activity relea se of
This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ SECTION IV 15 differen t ord e rs of magnitude. Some degree of im provisation should be provided for in extending the m onitoring program m e to co v e r a w ider area than cov ered in routine su rveys o r p reviou sly designed em ergen cy plans. 426. The need fo r rapid resu lts during em ergen cy situations may n ecessitate the use of sim p ler screen in g p roced u res and m easurem ent techniques, but w here p ossib le rapid m ethods o f identification of nuclides should be used. In som e cases use is made of m obile m onitoring labora tories fo r field m easurem ents and an alyses. R adionuclide and radiation m easurem ents made during routine m onitoring p rogram m es m ay be useful in interpreting the resu lts. It is n ecessa ry to have a p rovision a l m athem atical m odel o f d isp ersion including the m e te o ro lo g ica l fa ctors applicable at the site. 427. In m ost ca ses it is m ore sa tisfa ctory to detect an unplanned relea se by m easurem ents made near the point of re le a se . Continuously operating sam pling and m easuring instrum ents located at w e ll-ch o se n points in the environm ent may also be used to detect an unplanned re le a se . 428. E m ergen cy su rveys are usually p erform ed by p reselected team s who make m easurem ents and co lle ct sam ples in the im pact area and along p re-a rra n g ed routes in the en v iron m ent. The sam ples should be analysed near the point of collection if p o ssib le . F o r this purpose m obile la b ora tories m ay be used. H ow ever, the sam ples can also be transported to cen trally located analytical labora tories if appropriate. It should also be pointed out that instrum ents to be used in em ergen cy situations should be p rop erly calibrated and in good working condition when needed, in ord e r that the em ergen cy m onitoring not be delayed. 429. Significant resu lts o f em ergen cy su rveys should be c o m municated as ea rly as p ossib le to the em ergen cy operation authorities fo r appropriate evaluation and action s. The su rvey data should relate to those requ ired for: (1) making d ecision s on im m ediate counter m easu res such as con trol o f m ovem ent in the public domain (2) follow -u p actions such as re strictio n on distribution of contam inated food , re strictio n on drin kin g-w ater supply, re strictio n on grazing in contam inated pastu res, distri~ bution o f farm products and m ed ica l investigation of som e exposed p erson s.
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