Safety_Series_041_1975 - gnssn - International Atomic Energy ...

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This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ 4 0 APPENDIX I correspon din g to the height of the stack, if the relea ses are d is charged through a stack. A dditional sam p lers should be placed at m ore distant points in the prevailin g upwind direction . The location s o f the m axim um g rou n d -level concentrations may be determ ined from data on the atm ospheric stability conditions and the stack height, used in conjunction with data on the prevailing wind d irection s. The d irect radiation from airborne radioactive m aterial may be determ ined, if requ ired , by placing integrating or continuously record in g d ev ices such as film s, th erm olum in escen ce d osim eters or ion -ch a m b ers at selected sites, usually in the vicinity o f the a ir - sam pling system s. The d osim eters are usually placed at a height o f 1 m above the ground. Integrating d osim eters should be read as quickly as p ossible after collection and if they have to be transported over con sid erable distances before reading, precautions should be taken to avoid additional exposure from other sou rces of radiation such as packages of radioactive m aterials Dr co sm ic radiation at high altitude in a ircra ft. W ATER SAMPLING In the case of an installation located on a riv e r su rface water sam ples should be collected from at least two sites — one upstream from the disch arge point, to provide con trol data, and one downstream . If the installation is located on a lake, the con trol sam ples should be collected at a site far enough from the disch arge point to ensure that any effluent has no significant effect on the sam ple. F or an installation located on an estuary the con trol sam ples should be collected far enough upstream to ensure that no c r o s s -c o n ta m i nation is caused by tidal action. If there is a d irect population exposure pathway from su rface w ater, continuous sam pling may be d esira ble. Owing to the effect o f the soil in rem oving m in era ls, routine m onitoring o f underground w aters w ill not often be requ ired. W here it is requ ired, sp ecia l attention should be given to tritium and ruthenium. If there is a likelihood that su rface w aters could ca rry contam ination d irect to underground w aters, the appropriate additional radionuclides should be checked. If drinking water is obtained from a sou rce that may receiv e effluents, it should be sam pled intensively. This might requ ire the collection of one sam ple per day fo r g ross activity m easurem ent and one sam ple per week fo r analysis. In general, a sam ple of about 3 litre s in volum e is required fo r gamma isotop ic analysis.
This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ APPENDIX I 41 SEDIMENT SAMPLING Sediment sam ples are used to indicate any build-up o f activity sedim entation such as the inner bank of a bend in a riv e r. Additional areas should be sam pled occa sion a lly to determ ine whether the routine sam pling sites should be relocated . If an installation is located a short distance upstream from a fre s h /s a lt w ater in terface, sedim ent sam ples should be collected within the in terface. Aquatic plants and anim als should also be sam pled p eriod ica lly . FOOD Milk sam ples should be collected from cattle fed on fodder and pasture grown in the neighbourhood of an installation. F or 131I weekly or fortnightly in tervals would be appropriate; monthly or 90 137 quarterly com posite sam ples would be suitable for Sr, C s, etc. One sam ple should be collected at perhaps weekly intervals from cattle fed on m aterial grown downwind from the area of m axim um predicted concentration. An additional sam ple should be collected at about fortnightly intervals from cattle representative o f a m ilk - shed for the area. Fish and sh ellfish sam ples should include each o f the prin cipal edible types found in the neighbourhood. One sam ple should be collected at about fortnightly in tervals near the disch arge point; an additional sam ple should be collected quarterly or sem i-annually from the sam e body o f water at a site not influenced by the d isch arge. F ruit and vegetable sam ples should be collected , say, tw ice during the growing season near the point of maxim um predicted annual ground concentration and from areas that may be contaminated by water into which effluents have been disch arged. The sam ples should not be washed. Sam ples of m eat, poultry and eggs produced in the area should be collected at about quarterly in tervals. Meat sam ples may be collected at slaughterhouses if the origin of the anim als can be identified. Sam ples should be represen tative o f anim als fed on crop s grown in the p revailin g downwind d irection and of anim als that drink from water dow nstream from the d isch arge points. A N ALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL A s the sam ples contain very sm all quantities of radion u clides, highly refined m ethods of m easurem ent must be developed and
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