Safety_Series_041_1975 - gnssn - International Atomic Energy ...

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This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ 10 SECTION IV (f) The existing levels of natural and m an-m ade radioactivity and their season al variations (g) The identification of b iolog ica l and other indicator m a trices of radioactive contaminant concentrations (h) The existing ch em ica l pollutants, which may in terfere with the radionuclides in their d isp ersion and pathways (i) The assessm en t of expected mean doses to representative individual m em bers of the public follow ing the studies ca rried out under all the above points (j) The tentative determ ination of groups of individual m em bers of the public who appear to be hom ogeneous with resp ect to p ossible radiation doses from the relea ses. 406. On the basis of the assessm en t of mean doses to groups of individual m em bers o f the public, who appear to be h om o geneous with resp ect to p ossib le radiation dose from en viron m ental re le a se s , under n orm al conditions, the particular group lik ely to be the m ost exposed is chosen as the c r itica l group of the population. The environm ental pathways leading to the exposure of this c r itica l group of the population r e p r e sent the c r itica l pathways of exp osu re, and d eserve prim ary con sideration in the environm ental m onitoring program m e. 407. When the relations between radiation levels and radionuclide concentrations in various com ponents of the environm ent and the estim ates of dose to the critica l group have been m ade, derived quantities such as the concentrations and the time integrals of concentration in food stu ffs, a ir, w ater, etc. correspon din g to acceptable d oses can be adopted as derived working levels fo r the m onitoring p rogram m es. 408. F o r the evaluation of the consequences of unplanned relea ses there should be, in addition, an assessm en t of the likelihoods of various foreseea b le types o f accid en ts, the types and activities of nuclides that might be relea sed , and the en viron m ental pathways follow ed by them. A ppropriate action levels based on the m onitoring program m e should be sp ecified . 409. With resp ect to investigations of the relative contributions of relea ses from an installation to the total environm ental radiation levels and con cen tration s, ICRP P ublication N o.7, 1965, states: "The inclusion of m easurem ents o f ra d io activity in the p rogram m e of p reoperation al investigations has a num ber of advantages, but w ill seldom provide the best way of distinguishing between activity from the installation and that from other so u rce s. The natural activity of m ost
This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ SECTION IV 11 environm ental sam ples w ill vary season ally and, to a le s s e r extent, from y ea r to year; p reop eration al resu lts can be extrapolated to later years only approxim ately. It is th erefo re better, w h erever p ossib le, to distinguish between the activity from the installation and the natural activity by sp e cific analytical techniques ..." ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ADEQUATE PROGRAMMES 410. The p re-op era tion a l investigations should provide quantitative data fo r the derivation of w orking lim its and action levels fo r routine and em ergen cy environm ental m onitoring. T his m onitoring is ca rried out by the m easurem ent a n d /or analysis of m aterials in the critic a l pathways; when appropriate, other m aterials servin g as suitable indicator m atrices can be ch osen . In this connection, the con siderations of para.403 must be borne in mind. 411. The planned m onitoring p rogram m es should be appropriate to the n eeds, that is to the type o f the installations, the type o f the environm ent in the vicinity of the installations, the nature and extent o f human utilization of the environm ent and the types and quantities of radionuclides that are expected to be released so that u nnecessary collection of sam ples and making o f m easurem ents w ill be avoided. 412. The planning and execution of any environm ental program m e are a m u lti-d iscip lin a ry effo rt. T h erefore the m onitoring team s should be com posed of p erson s trained in the different appropriate d iscip lin es. It is also often advantageous to have person nel individually trained in m ore than one sp eciality. MONITORING OF EFFLUENTS ONLY 413. The detailed review of installation plans and the p r e operational investigations m ay indicate that the expected releases o f radionuclides would be o f such quantity and lev el that concentrations in the environm ent and the doses to man w ill be insignificant (see p a ra .201). In such a case it may not be n ecessa ry to provide fo r an extensive routine environm ental program m e.
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