Safety_Series_041_1975 - gnssn - International Atomic Energy ...

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This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ 20 SECTION V 518. Second, d irect qualitative a n d /or quantitative analysis for sp e cific radionuclides can very often be econ om ica lly a ccom p lished without the need fo r p rio r ch em ica l p rocessin g through the use of g am m a -ray sp ectrom eters. F requently sev era l radionuclides can be m easured sim ultaneously by this means [6]. 519. Third, detailed ra d ioch em ical p roced u res may have to be conducted on the sam ple to isolate sp e cific radionuclides p rio r to m easurem ent of their radioactivity. R adiochem ical analytical m ethods have also been d iscu ssed in the literature [7 -1 0 ]. It is recom m ended that recogn ized p roced u res such as these should be adopted whenever fea sib le. A nalytical quality con trol 520. C onclusions reached on the basis of environm ental m onitoring p rogram m es may have im portant operational .and econ om ic con sequ ences. The data can be used for this purpose with confidence only if the degree of their reliability is known and docum ented. To ensure the quality of the data they p rovid e, m onitoring la b oratories should continuously evaluate the p recision and the a ccu ra cy of their analytical w ork. P re cisio n can be tested fa irly ea sily by duplication o f analy s is . Evaluation of a ccu ra cy is much m ore difficu lt and ca lls fo r analysis by different la b ora tories, different analysts and different m ethods. In p ra ctice, a ccu ra cy m ay be evaluated by the analysis of standard referen ce m aterials containing certified concentrations of the expected ra d io n u clides, o r by participation in analytical in tercom parison organized on a national or an international b a sis. 521. The <strong>International</strong> A tom ic E nergy A gency distributes a co n siderable num ber of standard referen ce m aterials such as air filte rs, water sam p les, sam ples of b io lo g ica l m aterial, seaw ater, sedim ents and soil containing radionuclides at environm ental or m onitoring con cen tration s. It also organ izes in tercom p arison s of radionuclide determ inations in such m aterials under its LOWRA program m e [11], often in c o operation with region al organ izations. 522. The W orld Health O rganization has established in 1969 an <strong>International</strong> R eferen ce Centre fo r E nvironm ental R adioactivity, in F rance. It has been ca rryin g out a program m e of in tercom p arison of som e radionuclides in environm ental sam ples with the assistan ce o f ten selected institutions throughout
This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ SECTION V 21 the w orld. A ssistan ce has been given to som e of the la b ora tories that did not initially provide reliable resu lts. It is planned to continue this p rogram m e, which operates with appropriate national m onitoring system s and aim s to ensure p rop er collection , m easurem ent and analysis of data relating to environm ental radioactivity. P rio rity is given to strengthening national institutions so that they can participate. B. UNPLANNED RELEASES 523. The design of lo ca l fa cilities and p roced u res fo r m onitoring planned releases should provide a su fficien t m argin for dealing with any sm all unplanned re le a se s that m ay be , detected in the cou rse of op eration s. Studies should be made of a serie s o f foreseea b le referen ce accidents in ord er to evaluate their p ossible effects and to provide a basis for appropriate em ergen cy planning. F or large unplanned re le a se s of an em ergen cy nature suitable advance a rra n g e ments should be made fo r obtaining the co-op era tion of other labora tories and organizations, to aid in the assessm en t of the environm ental im pacts. F ield m ea su rem en ts1 524. F ield m easurem ents o f g ross radioactivity at fixed stations m ay provide the first inform ation on an unplanned relea se. F o r this pu rpose, instrum ents that m easure and record dose rate are m ore useful than integrating d osim eters. In som e ca ses it is useful to install such continuously operating instrum ents near lik ely points of disch arge and to couple these to chart re c o rd e rs and alarm system s that com m unicate to an appropriate con trol point. 525. F ollow in g the detection of an unplanned re le a se , initial efforts w ill be directed toward determ ining the nature and extent of the contam ination. F ield m easurem ents are v ery im portant in this phase of resp on se. In the event of gaseous o r air relea ses lo ca l data obtained through a sm all m eteorologica l station should be available in o rd e r to provide inform ation on lo ca l conditions as a guide to the probable d isp ersa l 1 See also Ref. [3].
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