Safety_Series_041_1975 - gnssn - International Atomic Energy ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ 12 SECTION IV 414. H ow ever, it is still n ecessa ry to provide sufficient m onitoring of effluents near the points of relea se to ensure that they do not significantly exceed the predicted amounts. In som e cases even this lim ited m onitoring m ay not be requ ired. This should be determ ined and con trolled by the com petent authority. LIMITED MONITORING PROGRAMMES 415. As the num ber o f sm a ll-sca le u sers of radioactive m aterials in cre a se s, there is a p ossib ility that the com bined effect could, in som e a rea s, lead to significant lev els of ra d io active m aterials in the environm ent. In that case a lim ited m onitoring program m e should be initiated by the com petent authorities.. 416. A rrangem ents m ay also have to be made by the com petent authorities fo r any em ergen cy su rveys required fo r transport accidents involving consignm ents of radioactive m aterials. MONITORING PROGRAMMES FOR PLANNED RELEASES 417. An im portant aim of such program m es is the assessm en t o f the actual o r potential doses to the critica l group o r the estim ation of the probable upper lim its of such d oses. This can be done by making m easu rem en ts, using analytical m ethods that determ ine the type and activity levels of the n uclides, at any point along the c r itica l pathway and in terpreting these m easurem ents in term s of the dose receiv ed . The uncertainties in the interpretation can be reduced by choosing m easurem ent points in the pathway as near as p ossible to the c r itic a l population group, o r even by m ea su rements such as w h ole- o r p a rtial-bod y m onitoring, p erform ed on the individual m em bers o f the group. The frequ en cy of the m easurem ents should be related to the h a lf-liv es of the n uclides, their activities in the environm ent and the probable rate o f change of their a ctivities. 418. Another aim of such su rveys is to v erify that a significant radiation dose is not being received by the c r itica l population grou ps, o r other population grou ps, through other than c r itica l pathways. Such other pathways must be designated with care and the frequ en cy of sam pling and m easurem ent need not be as great as fo r the c r itica l pathways.
This publication is no longer valid Please see http://www.ns-iaea.org/standards/ SECTION IV 13 419. R esults obtained from the m onitoring program m e can also be used as feedback fo r p ossible m odification of the m on i toring program m e itself. It m ay becom e evident from evaluation of these results that the num ber, frequ en cy and types of sam ples collected and analysed should be in crea sed , o r reduced, o r that the sam pling can be stopped com p letely. In addition, when any changes are introduced in the m anner of operation of the installation and nature and extent of waste re le a se s from it, an evaluation should be made to determ ine whether any consequent changes are called fo r in the m onitoring p rogra m m es. 420. F o r releases to the atm osphere, m easurem ents o f the co n centrations o f identified nuclides in a ir, in rainw ater, o r on the ground su rface allow fo r the estim ation of the levels that m ay accum ulate in foodstu ffs. It is also im portant to take into con sideration inhalation and external irradiation d oses to humans from releases to the atm osph ere. This is p a rticu la rly true clo se to the installation o r where m eteorolog ica l fa ctors cause the relea ses from the stack to be trapped near the ground su rfa ce. A ir con cen tration s can fluctuate rapidly and m easurem ents m ay need to be made frequently o r p r e fera b ly continuously, for exam ple in the case o f n uclear pow er plants. In addition, integrating d osim eters o r other sim ila r d evices m ay be used with advantage. The collection of representative food crop s, other native vegetation, and su rface s o il should be undertaken p eriod ica lly fo r the analysis of sh ort- and lon g -liv ed nuclides released to the en v iron m ent. In som e ca ses it m ay be advisable to ca rry out m easurem ents first on bulk sam ples in ord e r to determ ine whether there is. a need fo r m ore extensive analysis. 421. Through evaluation o f m onitoring resu lts, supplem ented by any n e ce ssa ry studies, one should be able to derive m ore p re cis e ly the tran sfer fa ctors fo r m ovem ent o f nuclides through the environm ental m edia. 4 22. When adequate studies have been done to dem onstrate that the transport p ro ce s s e s are u nderstood, analyses of 'in d ica tor org a n ism s' m ay adequately define radionuclide levels in the environm ent. The 'in d ica tor organ ism ' concept o f en viron m ental sam pling involves the p ra ctice of exam ining food chains o r other environm ental pathways for selected organ ism s o r m aterials that provide a sensitive and reliable m easure o f the quantities o f each radionuclide cyclin g through
Page 1 and 2: This publication is no longer valid
Page 25: This publication is no longer valid
Page 59 and 60: 1M|137CJ g 1 litre 134Cs C 3 .5 lit
Page 77 and 78:
This publication is no longer valid
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
T A B L E X V I (con t.) This publi
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
T A B L E X V III (con t.) This pub
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
T A B L E X X (con t.) This publica
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
show all

Safety_Series_041_1975 - gnssn - International Atomic Energy ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?