Science Research Program Guide - Secondary Programs Home ...

• The Venn Diagrams are diagrams using overlapping circles (or any shape) to show
relationships among subjects.
The Line Graph usually consists of an independent and dependent variable. The independent
variable is usually plotted along the x-axis, the dependent variable along the y-axis. The
independent variable is defined as a parameter, or measurable property, that is not affected by
the dependent variable. The variance of the dependent variable, however, may be influenced by
the independent variable.
General Guidelines for Constructing Graphs
� Label all axes by clearly defining the variables and their units of measurement.
� Define the plotting symbols in a legend.
� Generally, plot no more than four lines on the same graph. Use different types of lines
(solid, dashed, alternating solid/dashed, etc…) Do not use different colors, since some
people are color-blind and such graphs cannot be copied without destroying the
distinguishing characteristics of the different lines.
� In the title, note where the data that was used to plot the points can be found in the report.
� The magnitude of the increments used to plot the quantities of the variables must be
carefully chosen in order to convey an accurate picture of the possible relationships
between the variables. This will result in a graph proportioned to focus on the important
parts of the curve.
� Show data breaks by drawing two vertical lines (the first one shorter than the second) on the
axis and on the corresponding point on the curve. Increment magnitudes may be changed
after the data break in order to better focus on the important parts of the curve.
� Three-dimensional graphs may be used when the interdependency or correlations of three
variables are to be investigated. Such graphs may entail one dependent and two
independent variables or one independent and two dependent variables.
Discussion
This is by far the most important and time consuming section of the research paper in that it
reflects and documents the student’s thinking process. The prose style must be organized to
enable the reader to follow the logic and interpretation of the results of the experiment. The
text must also acknowledge the tentativeness of the interpretations. Remember, being limited
by our perceptions, we can never prove anything. The student should not use the word “prove”
but instead should use “the evidence supports…” or “it appears to be…” All data and
observations must be discussed using alternate explanations. Credibility will be lost if the
reader discovers possible reasons for the results that were not considered by the research
student.
The tone must be objective rather than subjective, thus avoiding phrases such as “I feel…” or
“In my opinion.” Use clear, concise, and efficient language mechanics. This section will make
frequent references to tables, graphs, and observations in order to support the student’s
interpretations and theories. Never introduce new data or observations not previously
documented in the appropriate sections as this may suggest that you are selectively withholding
information. The text may periodically be augmented by other written symbolism such as
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