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Several scientists expressed serious doubts about the claim that the cells derived from these embryos were indeed embryonic stem cells, because the Chinese researcher failed to demonstrate that the resulting cells were indeed able to self-replicate indefinitely. One possible way to interpret this line of research is to compare it to xenotransplantation. The transplantation of animal organs into the human body is now common practice in the United States and abroad. Numerous tissue banks exist, and the FDA has thoroughly regulated this field of medicine. Perhaps this experiment could be described as an instance of xenotransplantation; as controversial as transplantation of animal organs into the human body once was, it now has become an accepted medical practice. In a similar direction points a line of research involving the creation of chimeric sheep. 85 In these experiments, a group of scientists at the University of Nevada in Reno injected human embryonic stem cells into the fetuses of sheep. What is distinctive about these experiments is that the proportion of human cells in some organs (including the skin, the liver, the heart, and the pancreas) is unusu<strong>all</strong>y large – between 7 and 15 percent. The researchers hope eventu<strong>all</strong>y to be able to grow animals whose organs will not be rejected by humans. Clinical applications remain a distant goal, however. An important open question is whether the injected human stem cells might end up in the brains of these animals in significant numbers. At this time, scientists are simply unable to provide definitive answers, though they do not exclude this possibility. Nor is it clear that an animal with a significant proportion of human brain cells would have any human cognitive capacities. That scientists at this time are unable to provide even the beginning of an answer to this question is certainly a good reason to carefully monitor these experiments. Precisely this question was raised at a conference organized in October of 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. 86 The question was prompted by research being conducted at Stanford University involving the injection of diseased human embryonic stem cells into animal models. 87 To this end, scientists have created mice with a substantial proportion of humanderived brain cells. This raises, of course, the possibility that mice could acquire human-like cognitive capabilities, a possibility that some scientists participating in the conference seemed to take seriously. Also problematic to participating scientists was prospect that male and female chimeric mice could mate. Other scientists expressed doubts about the wisdom of creating chimeric mice to study disease development. 88 The discussion among participating scientists showed that researchers are not of one opinion about the wisdom of quickly moving forward in this area. Some have argued, quite reasonably in 85 86 87 88 Sylvia Pagàn Westphal, "'Humanised' Organs Can Be Grown in Animals," New Scientist, December 17, 2003. Erika Check, "Biologists Seek Consensus on Guidelines for Stem-Cell Research," Nature 431 (2004). For a moderately technical overview, see the presentation by Professor Irving Weissman prepared for the Conference on Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, organized by the National Academies and held in Washington, D.C., on October 12-13, 2004 (available at http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/powerpoints.html). Nicholas Wade, "Is the World Ready for a Man-Mouse?," International Herald Tribune, November 28, 2002. 107
our view, that the scientific community, as part of its self-regulatory efforts, should first try to determine which experiments involving chimeric animals should be considered unproblematic, which ones are questionable, and which ones should be avoided entirely before moving forward. That this suggestion was ignored is more evidence that a regulatory intervention in this area may indeed be necessary. 108
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Beyond Bioethics: A Proposal for Mo
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(ARTs) as well as laboratory resear
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issues raised by new biotechnologie
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human and animals cells, tissues, a
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(CLIA) of 1988 and, more importantl
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the activities of both private and
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themselves whether or not to eat fo
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5.5 Creating a New Regulatory Insti
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egarding reproductive biomedicine t
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to represent constituencies that ar
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“Deliberative panels,” the term
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participants may be able to engage
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outer limits of the right to privac
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About the Authors Francis Fukuyama
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1.1 THE CHALLENGE OF NEW BIOTECHNOL
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7.1 TRADITIONAL REPRODUCTIVE TECHNO
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Shortness as a Psychological and So
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1 Introduction This report presents
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them only on the basis of safety an
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esearch, and clinical and medical p
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Congress’ powers over scientific
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of newborns; destruction of an embr
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1.6 Bibliography Evans, John H. Pla
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endogenous growth hormone secretion
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slippery slope toward blanket uses
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proposed by Eli Lilly - a rather su
Page 59 and 60: Committee tended, predictably, to r
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Page 64: 2.5 Bibliography American Academy o
Page 67 and 68: • Limits on the commercialization
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Page 73 and 74: We recognize that for some people,
Page 76: 3.6 Bibliography Baruch, Susannah,
Page 79 and 80: taxonomies are likely to exist. For
Page 81 and 82: that an investigator may not be abl
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Page 85 and 86: These concerns are not unfounded, a
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Page 89 and 90: A 2003 news story published in Popu
Page 91 and 92: episode. Reputational incentives ar
Page 93 and 94: Would you approve or disapprove if
Page 95 and 96: strong preference for a mixed famil
Page 97 and 98: controversial not because it provid
Page 99 and 100: esearch. On the other end are situa
Page 101 and 102: nucleus of a somatic cell, such as
Page 103 and 104: And we have to have some degree - a
Page 105 and 106: father. The experiment could also l
Page 107 and 108: The availability of oocytes in larg
Page 109: and the tail of serpent. In biology
Page 113 and 114: Bonnicksen, Andrea. "Innovative ART
Page 115 and 116: Kubawara, Y., T. Okai, S. Kozuma, N
Page 117 and 118: Shamblott, Michael J., Joyce Axelma
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Page 121 and 122: iotech companies or university clin
Page 123 and 124: As an infrastructure of quality ass
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Page 127 and 128: clinical research, 22 while the FDA
Page 129 and 130: principles of good governance as fe
Page 131 and 132: sustainable way. Examples include c
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Page 135 and 136: kind of cloning or they limit the b
Page 137 and 138: The federal government has been rel
Page 139 and 140: includes ethicists, scientists, men
Page 141 and 142: Society for Assisted Reproductive T
Page 143 and 144: Reproductive Endocrinology Subspeci
Page 145 and 146: safety guidelines aimed at ranking
Page 147 and 148: elatively mundane. 67 For example,
Page 149 and 150: Fallon, Peter, and Zafiris Tzannato
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Page 153 and 154: 6.1 Italy - from the “Wild West
Page 155 and 156: also prohibited. 13 The law activel
Page 157 and 158: selection technologies, but only fo
Page 159 and 160: eproductive technologies in section
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Neither the RIHEA nor its explanato
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inspect all licensees, or how often
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(principle (e)). 43 Canada affords
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traditional views of reproduction,
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y the Canadian authorities and the
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esearch on human embryos. It requir
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This argument is not likely to conv
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• Maintain a formal register of i
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The remaining three positions reser
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type of research. The HFEA is requi
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The relevance of the Code of Practi
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180
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182
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of saving the life of an older sibl
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procreative right, unlikely as it i
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assisted suicide, the Court has est
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or that there are an infinite numbe
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What is obvious is that the Court s
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generalizing from a strong but gene
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are not any societal traditions tha
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the First Amendment’s protection
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least preferable among all forms of
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Surrogacy 16 Donor egg 14 Donor spe
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To recap, the survey data shows a s
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Robertson, John A. Children of Choi
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media and from polling organization
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Before diving into the data, the me
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(126), and allowing parents to have
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esearch cloning. Two questions (150
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asked five times whether the public
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the creation of embryos solely for
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Our conclusions could be criticized
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about embryonic stem cells? The ans
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were essentially split (44 percent
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226
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coincidence that U.S. scientists id
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assertion of jurisdiction in this c
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of the opposition to genetically mo
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More generally, it is shortsighted
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Process.” 19 According to their i
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another branch of medicine. ART pra
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242
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Navasky, Victor S., and Christopher
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to extract benefits for their membe
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entails. 3 CAMR, a very large and h
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of scientists in these debates woul
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elatively modest. Canada and Austra
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ighteous manner, justifying their c
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eaching out to the public, the agen
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ultimately benefits more the patien
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In many cases, these efforts are pe
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The rationale for including stakeho
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years away. Again, no scientific ba
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The view that deliberation can shar
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members and instructed to reach con
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Deliberation: This requirement has
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One may wonder why public hearings
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conference. Denmark is the clear le
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legislative and regulatory process.
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10.9.1 The National Environmental P
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considered in the process, identify
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vicinity of black residential areas
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it significantly constraints the ag
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286
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Dunkerley, David, and Peter Glasner
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———. "The Courts and the Ossi
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292
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agency’s ability to implement Con
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areas that were thought to require
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Small decision-making bodies such a
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accountability also comes the very
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and remains the British solution to
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equirement is very difficult to imp
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advisory board, the higher the chan
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11.2.2 The Advisory Board as a Boar
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suggesting candidates. They include
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312
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Morrison, Alan B. "How Independent
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12.1 Deliberative Panels Deliberati
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complexity would be to convene deli
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deliberative panels, however, delib
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Participation suffered from conside
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12.3 Public Consultation and Rule-M
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divide the public, it is quite unli
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328
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Among the parties subject to record
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demand in-depth health screening, a
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many prospective parents are attrac
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Traditionally, the practice of medi
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eliefs firmly held by medical pract
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some studies, the TRI program has b
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13.4 Technologies of Reproductive C
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epresentatives of the general publi
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population of firms, clinics, labor
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an ART program, a biotech company,
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By all accounts, the British regula
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would add roughly 0.56 percent to t
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[cited September 20, 2005]. Availab
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