Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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EUAGARICS CLADE 553 Fig19.20 Basidiocarps in the euagarics clade (4). (a) Clitocybe nebularis.(b)Stropharia semiglobata.(c)Psilocybe semilanceata,the magic mushroom. (d) Hypholoma sublateritium.(e)Cortinarius purpureus. Note the fibrillose cortina on the stipe of the young specimens (centre and right). cultures. Intrahyphal bacteria appear to be rare in higher fungi, but they have been reported in certain Zygomycota, notably Geosiphon (p. 221) and Rhizopus (p. 184). 19.4.13 Strophariaceae Against all expectations, species included among the Strophariaceae do seem to group together, albeit with weak statistical support, in recent
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
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290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
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292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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294 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.5 Ctenomyce
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296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
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298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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300 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.12 Phialoco
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302 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.13 Conidiop
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304 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.14 Importan
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306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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308 PLECTOMYCETES unicellular chlam
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310 PLECTOMYCETES of the nest-like
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312 PLECTOMYCETES food spoilage (e.
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314 PLECTOMYCETES litter layer unde
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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETE
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13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 1
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392 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: ERYSIPHALES
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Plate 2 Oomycota. (a) Salmon infect
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Plate 4 Archiascomycetes (a c) and
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Plate 6 Apothecia of operculate dis
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Plate 8 Thalli of lichens. (a) The
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Plate10 Fruitbodies of Homobasidiom
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Plate12 Urediniomycetes (a g) and U
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14 Hymenoascomycetes: Pezizales (op
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416 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PEZIZALES (O
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430 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: HELOTIALES (
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16 Lichenized fungi (chiefly Hymeno
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448 LICHENIZED FUNGI (CHIEFLY HYMEN
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460 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.1 Sexua
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462 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.2 Lepto
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464 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.4 Stago
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466 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.7 Phoma
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468 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.9 Pleos
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470 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.10 Lewi
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472 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Table 17.2. S
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474 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.13 Bipo
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476 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.15 Toxi
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478 LOCULOASCOMYCETES is commonly f
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480 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.18 Spor
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482 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.19 Myco
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484 LOCULOASCOMYCETES incompatible
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486 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.24 Clad
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488 BASIDIOMYCOTA (Figs. 18.1d,e).
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490 BASIDIOMYCOTA wall is indeed th
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492 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.4 Life cycl
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494 BASIDIOMYCOTA dikaryotic ballis
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496 BASIDIOMYCOTA mushroom Agaricus
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498 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.9 Diagramma
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500 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.11 Diagramm
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502 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.13 Hyphal a
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504 BASIDIOMYCOTA Auricularia auric
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506 BASIDIOMYCOTA fungus Bulbillomy
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508 BASIDIOMYCOTA A 3 B 3 , A 3 B 4
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510 BASIDIOMYCOTA the small number
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512 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.21 Phylogen
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19 Homobasidiomycetes 19.1 Introduc
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Fig19.2 The eight-clade phylogeneti
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518 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES There are th
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520 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES basidiocarp
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522 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agar media,
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524 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.9 Diff
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526 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES An equally i
Page 1122: 528 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.11 Car
Page 1126: 530 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES are common o
Page 1130: 532 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES biotechnolog
Page 1134: 534 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 2 million to
Page 1138: 536 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Breeding of
Page 1142: 538 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES In culture,
Page 1146: 540 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES is used in a
Page 1150: 542 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES edible and s
Page 1154: 544 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.17 Sch
Page 1158: 546 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES in a sinuous
Page 1162: 548 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES growth often
Page 1166: 550 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agg. (Fig. 1
Page 1170: 552 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES to form the
Page 1176: BOLETOID CLADE 555 fungus (P. namek
Page 1180: BOLETOID CLADE 557 consumption. The
Page 1184: BOLETOID CLADE 559 such timbers tha
Page 1188: POLYPOROID CLADE 561 Fig19.23 Basid
Page 1192: POLYPOROID CLADE 563 Fig19.24 Trame
Page 1196: POLYPOROID CLADE 565 distinct compo
Page 1200: RUSSULOID CLADE 567 Fig19.26 Basidi
Page 1204: RUSSULOID CLADE 569 predominantly b
Page 1208: RUSSULOID CLADE 571 Fig19.28 The bo
Page 1212: HYMENOCHAETOID CLADE 573 one of a g
Page 1216: GOMPHOID PHALLOID CLADE 575 bodies
Page 1220: 20 Homobasidiomycetes: gasteromycet
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EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF GASTEROM
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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21 Heterobasidiomycetes 21.1 Introd
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CERATOBASIDIALES 595 affected (Sneh
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CERATOBASIDIALES 597 Fig 21.2 Rhizo
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DACRYMYCETALES 599 Fig 21.4 Dacrymy
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AURICULARIALES 601 of basidiospores
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AURICULARIALES 603 Fig 21.7 Life cy
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TREMELLALES 605 conjugation of comp
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TREMELLALES 607 Fig 21.12 Life cycl
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22 Urediniomycetes: Uredinales (rus
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 611 Fig
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 613 Homo
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 619 form
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PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, THE CAUSE OF BLA
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OTHER CEREAL RUSTS 627 race charact
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PUCCINIA AND UROMYCES 629 Fig 22.13
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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MELAMPSORACEAE 635 Fig 22.15 Sectio
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THE ‘TRUE’ SMUT FUNGI (USTILAGI
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MICROBOTRYALES (UREDINIOMYCETES) 65
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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INTRODUCTION 659 Fig 24.1 Basidiomy
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 661 Tabl
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 663 Fig
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 665 wide
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 667 Fig 24.4
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 669 Fig 24.6
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USTILAGINOMYCETE YEASTS 671 Fig 24.
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25 Anamorphic fungi (nematophagous
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 675 We owe much
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 677 Fig 25.3 Ar
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 679 Fig 25.5 Da
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 681 Fig 25.7 Ne
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 683 (group 1),
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AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES (INGOLDIAN FUN
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 697 Table 25.3.
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 699 Fig 25.22 Pr
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 701 means of dis
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REFERENCES 703 Aist, J. R. & Israel
Page 1476:
REFERENCES 705 Arnold, D. L., Blake
Page 1480:
REFERENCES 707 Barr, D. J. S. (1987
Page 1484:
REFERENCES 709 Beakes, G. W. & Gloc
Page 1488:
REFERENCES 711 Beuchat, L. R. (1995
Page 1492:
REFERENCES 713 Bourett, T. M., Czym
Page 1496:
REFERENCES 715 Brown, J. S., Whan,
Page 1500:
REFERENCES 717 Callac, P. (1995). B
Page 1504:
REFERENCES 719 Castlebury, L. A., R
Page 1508:
REFERENCES 721 Chiu, S. W. & Moore,
Page 1512:
REFERENCES 723 Cooke, L. R. & Littl
Page 1516:
REFERENCES 725 Culvenor, C. C., Bec
Page 1520:
REFERENCES 727 Degousée, N., Gupta
Page 1524:
REFERENCES 729 Dissing, H. (1986).
Page 1528:
REFERENCES 731 Edgar, J. A., Frahn,
Page 1532:
REFERENCES 733 Falk, S. P., Gadoury
Page 1536:
REFERENCES 735 Foster, S. J. & Fitt
Page 1540:
REFERENCES 737 Gauger, W. L. (1975)
Page 1544:
REFERENCES 739 Haptoglossa heteromo
Page 1548:
REFERENCES 741 Griffith, J. M., Dav
Page 1552:
REFERENCES 743 Hampson, M. C. (1988
Page 1556:
REFERENCES 745 Heath, M. C. & Skala
Page 1560:
REFERENCES 747 Hohl, H. R. & Iselin
Page 1564:
REFERENCES 749 Huang, B., Li, Z. G.
Page 1568:
REFERENCES 751 Ingold, C. T. & Zobe
Page 1572:
REFERENCES 753 Jiang, J., Stephenso
Page 1576:
REFERENCES 755 Kendrick, B., ed. (1
Page 1580:
REFERENCES 757 Ko, W. H. (1980). Ho
Page 1584:
REFERENCES 759 concern: cytological
Page 1588:
REFERENCES 761 Latunde-Dada, A. O.,
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REFERENCES 763 Lingappa, B. T. (195
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REFERENCES 765 Luttrell, E. S. (198
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REFERENCES 767 Markovich, N. A. & K
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REFERENCES 769 Menge, J. A. (1984).
Page 1608:
REFERENCES 771 Molina, R., Trappe,
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REFERENCES 773 Moss, M. O. & Long,
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REFERENCES 775 inoperculaten Discom
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REFERENCES 777 Obermayer, W. & Poel
Page 1624:
REFERENCES 779 Ott, S., Meier, T. &
Page 1628:
REFERENCES 781 Percudani, R., Trevi
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REFERENCES 783 Pommer, E.-H. (1995)
Page 1636:
REFERENCES 785 Raper, J. R. (1939).
Page 1640:
REFERENCES 787 Reynolds, D. R. (197
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REFERENCES 789 Roncal, T., Cordobé
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REFERENCES 791 Sánchez, C. (2004).
Page 1652:
REFERENCES 793 K. A. Powell, A. Ren
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REFERENCES 795 Silliker, M. E., Mon
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REFERENCES 797 Solla, A. & Gil, L.
Page 1664:
REFERENCES 799 Stensrud, Ø., Hywel
Page 1668:
REFERENCES 801 Swann, E. C. & Taylo
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REFERENCES 803 Thines, E., Weber, R
Page 1676:
REFERENCES 805 Uchida, W., Matsunag
Page 1680:
REFERENCES 807 Verstrepen, K. J., D
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REFERENCES 809 Waters, H., Butler,
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REFERENCES 811 Weeks, R. J., Padhye
Page 1692:
REFERENCES 813 Willetts, H. J. & Bu
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REFERENCES 815 Xu, J.-T. & Mu, C. (
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Index Page numbers with images are
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INDEX 819 ascospore-delimiting memb
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INDEX 821 Candida parapsilosis 227,
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INDEX 823 Cordyceps capitata 362 Co
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INDEX 825 Erysiphe polygoni 402 Ery
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INDEX 827 hemicellulose 528 Hemilei
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INDEX 829 Leveillula taurica 407 Le
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INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732:
INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
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INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
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INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744:
INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748:
INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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