Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

312 PLECTOMYCETES
food spoilage (e.g. P. aurantiogriseum, P. digitatum,
P. italicum, P. expansum), or as mycotoxin producers
(P. expansum). A superbly illustrated key to
terverticillate Penicillium spp. has been produced
by Frisvad and Samson (2004), accompanied by
phylogenetic analyses in which the grouping of
these species into sections has been correlated
with morphological features and the production
of mycotoxins and other metabolites (Samson et
al., 2004). An overview of secondary metabolites
within Penicillium subgenus Penicillum has been
compiled by Frisvad et al. (2004).
In phylogenetic analyses, species of Penicillium
subgenus Penicillium aggregate in a well-resolved
Fig11.20 Talaromyces.(a)Talaromyces stipitatus, conidiophore. (b) Ascus and ascospores. Note the equatorial frill. (c) Talaromyces
vermiculatus, ascocarp. (d) Conidiophore. Note the long tapering phialides characteristic of the subgenus Biverticillium.
(e) Ascogenous hyphae and asci. Note that some asci arise in chains.