Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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Plate 7 Inoperculate Discomycetes (Helotiales). (a,b) Sclerotinia curreyana. (a) Sclerotia formed inside culms of Juncus effusus. (b) Stalked apothecia of S. curreyana arising from a sclerotium in spring. (c) Rutstroemia echinophila on the shell of edible chestnuts. (d) Mollisiacinerea, a common saprotroph on twigs. (e) Dasyscyphusvirgineus producing small apothecia with a hairy margin on rotting wood. (f) Leotia lubrica, a saprotroph soil fungus with stalked apothecia. (g) Chlorociboria aeruginascens on a decaying sycamore twig. Sections of the colonized wood show its green discolouration. (h) Bisporellacitrina on a beech twig. (i) Bulgariainquinans forming black gelatinous apothecia on freshly felled oak trunks. (j) Apothecial stromata of Cyttaria darwinii on living twigs of the southern beech Nothofagus pumilio. (d) and (e) kindly provided by H. Anke, (f) by P. Davoli. (a,b) reprinted from Weber and Webster (2003), with permission from Elsevier.
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
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290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
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292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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294 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.5 Ctenomyce
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296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
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298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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300 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.12 Phialoco
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302 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.13 Conidiop
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304 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.14 Importan
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306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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308 PLECTOMYCETES unicellular chlam
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310 PLECTOMYCETES of the nest-like
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312 PLECTOMYCETES food spoilage (e.
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314 PLECTOMYCETES litter layer unde
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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETE
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13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 1
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392 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: ERYSIPHALES
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Page 870: Plate 2 Oomycota. (a) Salmon infect
Page 874: Plate 4 Archiascomycetes (a c) and
Page 878: Plate 6 Apothecia of operculate dis
Page 884: Plate 9 Fruit bodies of Homobasidio
Page 888: Plate11 Gasteromycetes (a f) and He
Page 892: CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW DISEASES
Page 896: PYRONEMA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 415 Table
Page 900: ALEURIA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 417 simult
Page 904: ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 419 Aleuri
Page 908: ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 421 Fig14.
Page 912: TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 423 of neighbour
Page 916: TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 425 Fig14.7 Tube
Page 920: MORCHELLA (MORCHELLACEAE) 427 surro
Page 924: 15 Hymenoascomycetes: Helotiales (i
Page 928: SCLEROTINIACEAE 431 Fig15.1 Sclerot
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 433 Fig15.3 Monilin
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 435 Fig15.4 Non-vol
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 437 Fig15.6 Life cy
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DERMATEACEAE 439 Further, B. cinere
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RHYTISMATACEAE 441 Fig15.8 Infectio
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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GENERAL ASPECTS OF LICHEN BIOLOGY 4
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Table 16.1. Summary of the most imp
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LECANORALES 455 listed in Table 16.
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LECANORALES 457 Fig16.8 Cladonia py
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17 Loculoascomycetes 17.1 Introduct
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PLEOSPORALES 461 Pseudoparaphyses a
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PLEOSPORALES 463 Fig17.3 Leptosphae
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PLEOSPORALES 465 Fig17.5 Ascochyta
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PLEOSPORALES 467 Fig17.8 Epicoccum
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PLEOSPORALES 469 used (Ellis, 1971b
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PLEOSPORALES 471 Fig17.11 Alternari
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PLEOSPORALES 473 Fig17.12 Helmintho
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PLEOSPORALES 475 Fig17.14 Curvulari
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PLEOSPORALES 477 1999). Victorin bi
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PLEOSPORALES 479 Fig17.17 Venturia
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DOTHIDEALES 481 Table 17.3. Some an
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DOTHIDEALES 483 Fig17.20 Wheat leaf
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DOTHIDEALES 485 Fig17.22 Cercospori
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18 Basidiomycota 18.1 Introduction
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DEVELOPMENT OF BASIDIA 489 Fig18.2
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BASIDIOSPORE DEVELOPMENT 491 Fig18.
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THE MECHANISM OF BASIDIOSPORE DISCH
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NUMBERS OF BASIDIOSPORES 495 Fig18.
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497 BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HY
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BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HYPHAL
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 501 Fig18.12 S
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 503 Fig18.14 A
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 505 Fig18.16 S
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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RELATIONSHIPS 511 colonized by this
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CLASSIFICATION 513 These taxonomic
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INTRODUCTION 515 Fig19.1 Examples o
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STRUCTURE AND MORPHOGENESIS OF BASI
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IMPORTANCE OF HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 52
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EUAGARICS CLADE 533 Fig19.14 Basidi
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EUAGARICS CLADE 535 primordium has
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EUAGARICS CLADE 537 psychromorbidus
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EUAGARICS CLADE 539 Fig19.15 Second
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EUAGARICS CLADE 541 (see Figs. 19.1
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EUAGARICS CLADE 545 flesh of the fr
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EUAGARICS CLADE 549 Fig19.19 Gravit
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EUAGARICS CLADE 551 Control of witc
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BOLETOID CLADE 555 fungus (P. namek
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BOLETOID CLADE 557 consumption. The
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BOLETOID CLADE 559 such timbers tha
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POLYPOROID CLADE 561 Fig19.23 Basid
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POLYPOROID CLADE 563 Fig19.24 Trame
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POLYPOROID CLADE 565 distinct compo
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RUSSULOID CLADE 567 Fig19.26 Basidi
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RUSSULOID CLADE 569 predominantly b
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RUSSULOID CLADE 571 Fig19.28 The bo
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HYMENOCHAETOID CLADE 573 one of a g
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GOMPHOID PHALLOID CLADE 575 bodies
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20 Homobasidiomycetes: gasteromycet
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EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF GASTEROM
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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21 Heterobasidiomycetes 21.1 Introd
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CERATOBASIDIALES 595 affected (Sneh
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CERATOBASIDIALES 597 Fig 21.2 Rhizo
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DACRYMYCETALES 599 Fig 21.4 Dacrymy
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AURICULARIALES 601 of basidiospores
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AURICULARIALES 603 Fig 21.7 Life cy
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TREMELLALES 605 conjugation of comp
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TREMELLALES 607 Fig 21.12 Life cycl
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22 Urediniomycetes: Uredinales (rus
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 611 Fig
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 613 Homo
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 619 form
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PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, THE CAUSE OF BLA
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OTHER CEREAL RUSTS 627 race charact
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PUCCINIA AND UROMYCES 629 Fig 22.13
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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MELAMPSORACEAE 635 Fig 22.15 Sectio
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THE ‘TRUE’ SMUT FUNGI (USTILAGI
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MICROBOTRYALES (UREDINIOMYCETES) 65
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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INTRODUCTION 659 Fig 24.1 Basidiomy
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 661 Tabl
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 663 Fig
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 665 wide
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 667 Fig 24.4
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 669 Fig 24.6
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USTILAGINOMYCETE YEASTS 671 Fig 24.
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25 Anamorphic fungi (nematophagous
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 675 We owe much
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 677 Fig 25.3 Ar
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 679 Fig 25.5 Da
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 681 Fig 25.7 Ne
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 683 (group 1),
Page 1436:
AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES (INGOLDIAN FUN
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 697 Table 25.3.
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 699 Fig 25.22 Pr
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 701 means of dis
Page 1472:
REFERENCES 703 Aist, J. R. & Israel
Page 1476:
REFERENCES 705 Arnold, D. L., Blake
Page 1480:
REFERENCES 707 Barr, D. J. S. (1987
Page 1484:
REFERENCES 709 Beakes, G. W. & Gloc
Page 1488:
REFERENCES 711 Beuchat, L. R. (1995
Page 1492:
REFERENCES 713 Bourett, T. M., Czym
Page 1496:
REFERENCES 715 Brown, J. S., Whan,
Page 1500:
REFERENCES 717 Callac, P. (1995). B
Page 1504:
REFERENCES 719 Castlebury, L. A., R
Page 1508:
REFERENCES 721 Chiu, S. W. & Moore,
Page 1512:
REFERENCES 723 Cooke, L. R. & Littl
Page 1516:
REFERENCES 725 Culvenor, C. C., Bec
Page 1520:
REFERENCES 727 Degousée, N., Gupta
Page 1524:
REFERENCES 729 Dissing, H. (1986).
Page 1528:
REFERENCES 731 Edgar, J. A., Frahn,
Page 1532:
REFERENCES 733 Falk, S. P., Gadoury
Page 1536:
REFERENCES 735 Foster, S. J. & Fitt
Page 1540:
REFERENCES 737 Gauger, W. L. (1975)
Page 1544:
REFERENCES 739 Haptoglossa heteromo
Page 1548:
REFERENCES 741 Griffith, J. M., Dav
Page 1552:
REFERENCES 743 Hampson, M. C. (1988
Page 1556:
REFERENCES 745 Heath, M. C. & Skala
Page 1560:
REFERENCES 747 Hohl, H. R. & Iselin
Page 1564:
REFERENCES 749 Huang, B., Li, Z. G.
Page 1568:
REFERENCES 751 Ingold, C. T. & Zobe
Page 1572:
REFERENCES 753 Jiang, J., Stephenso
Page 1576:
REFERENCES 755 Kendrick, B., ed. (1
Page 1580:
REFERENCES 757 Ko, W. H. (1980). Ho
Page 1584:
REFERENCES 759 concern: cytological
Page 1588:
REFERENCES 761 Latunde-Dada, A. O.,
Page 1592:
REFERENCES 763 Lingappa, B. T. (195
Page 1596:
REFERENCES 765 Luttrell, E. S. (198
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REFERENCES 767 Markovich, N. A. & K
Page 1604:
REFERENCES 769 Menge, J. A. (1984).
Page 1608:
REFERENCES 771 Molina, R., Trappe,
Page 1612:
REFERENCES 773 Moss, M. O. & Long,
Page 1616:
REFERENCES 775 inoperculaten Discom
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REFERENCES 777 Obermayer, W. & Poel
Page 1624:
REFERENCES 779 Ott, S., Meier, T. &
Page 1628:
REFERENCES 781 Percudani, R., Trevi
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REFERENCES 783 Pommer, E.-H. (1995)
Page 1636:
REFERENCES 785 Raper, J. R. (1939).
Page 1640:
REFERENCES 787 Reynolds, D. R. (197
Page 1644:
REFERENCES 789 Roncal, T., Cordobé
Page 1648:
REFERENCES 791 Sánchez, C. (2004).
Page 1652:
REFERENCES 793 K. A. Powell, A. Ren
Page 1656:
REFERENCES 795 Silliker, M. E., Mon
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REFERENCES 797 Solla, A. & Gil, L.
Page 1664:
REFERENCES 799 Stensrud, Ø., Hywel
Page 1668:
REFERENCES 801 Swann, E. C. & Taylo
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REFERENCES 803 Thines, E., Weber, R
Page 1676:
REFERENCES 805 Uchida, W., Matsunag
Page 1680:
REFERENCES 807 Verstrepen, K. J., D
Page 1684:
REFERENCES 809 Waters, H., Butler,
Page 1688:
REFERENCES 811 Weeks, R. J., Padhye
Page 1692:
REFERENCES 813 Willetts, H. J. & Bu
Page 1696:
REFERENCES 815 Xu, J.-T. & Mu, C. (
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Index Page numbers with images are
Page 1704:
INDEX 819 ascospore-delimiting memb
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INDEX 821 Candida parapsilosis 227,
Page 1712:
INDEX 823 Cordyceps capitata 362 Co
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INDEX 825 Erysiphe polygoni 402 Ery
Page 1720:
INDEX 827 hemicellulose 528 Hemilei
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INDEX 829 Leveillula taurica 407 Le
Page 1728:
INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732:
INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736:
INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740:
INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
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INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748:
INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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