Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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836 INDEX Rhizopus microsporus 182 Rhizopus oryzae 182 Rhizopus rhizopodiformis 182 Rhizopus sexualis 29, 173, 177, 183; zygospore development 176, 178 Rhizopus stolonifer 166, 172–173, 176, 179, 182, 184, Pl. 3 rhizoxin 183 Rhodocollybia 546 Rhodosporidium toruloides 667 Rhodotorula 667; carotenoid production 671; ecology 668 Rhodotorula glutinis (teleom. Rhodosporidium) 659, 667 Rhynchosporium secalis 439 Rhynie chert 35, 133, 246, 454 Rhytisma acerinum 441, 442–443 Rhytismataceae 440 riboflavin production 284 rice, foolish seedling disease 339; rice blast 378 ring wall building 232 ringworm 293 Robigalia 610 roestelioid aecium 632, Pl. 12 Rogation Sunday 610 root exudates 434, 435 root rot, Phytophthora and Pythium 102, Pl. 2 rose, powdery mildew 404; rust 631 Rosellinia necatrix 333 rostrate; see ascus wall rotifers 64 rRNA (ribosomal RNA) analysis 35, 36 rumen fungi; see Neocallimastigales rumposome 130 Russula 566; ectomycorrhiza 566; orchid mycorrhiza 598 Russula atropurpurea 567 Russula cyanoxantha, trama 524 Russula emetica 566 Russula fellea 566 Russula ochroleuca 566 russuloid clade 566–572; phylogeny 516–517 rust fungi 610; cereal rusts 627–629; see Uredinales Rutstroemia echinophila Pl. 7 rye, ergot 350; eyespot 439 Saccharomyces 263 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10–11, 229, 232, 256; alcoholic fermentation 262, 274–275; ascospore cleavage 267; bread-making 274; cell cycle 270, 271, 272, 301; cell wall 270; cytology 264; killer toxins 273–274, 646; life cycle 265–266; mating 266–270; membrane cycling 272; morphogenesis 270–272; pheromones 267; pseudohyphae 272; vacuole 273 Saccharomyces pastorianus 263 Saccharomycopsis 282–284 Saccharomycopsis fibuligera 282, 283 Saccobolus 420 sagenogen 68, 73 Saitoella 250 Sakaguchia dacryoidea 659 saké 276 salicylic acid 412 sanguinolentous hypha; see lactifer Saprochaete 282 Saprolegnia 9, 24, 30, 79, 81–86, Pl. 2; asexual reproduction 82, 83–85; cyst 84; hypha 80; life cycle 78; ooplast arrangement 86; sexual reproduction 85, 86; zoospore 76 Saprolegnia litoralis 85 Saprolegnia parasitica 81, 85 Saprolegnia polymorpha 81 Saprolegniales 79–95; hypha 79; nutrition 81 sap-stain (of wood) 364, 371, 373 sarco-hypha 518 sarcomitic basidiocarp construction 519 sarcotrimitic basidiocarp construction 519 Sarcoscypha 419 Sarcoscypha australis Pl. 6 Sauternes wine 438 Sawadaea 403 Sawadaea bicornis 404, 405 Schizochytrium 74 schizogenous perithecial development 315, 318, 338 schizolytic secession 235 Schizophyllum 542 Schizophyllum commune 7–8, 489, 499, 542, 543–544, 545; dikaryotization (Buller phenomenon) 510; fruiting in the laboratory 544; hydrophobins 545; mating type factors 508, 543 Schizosaccharomyces 250, 261 Schizosaccharomyces japonicus 253 Schizosaccharomyces octosporus 253, 254, 255 Schizosaccharomyces pombe 51, 253–259; cell cycle 256, 257, 301; cell walls 255; life cycle 255; morphogenesis 258, 259; pheromones 255 Schizosaccharomycetales 253–259 Schizothecium 320 Schizothecium tetrasporum 321, 322 Schizothecium vesticola 320 Scleroderma 557, 585–586; boletoid clade 579, 585 Scleroderma bovista 586 Scleroderma citrinum 515, 586, 587 Scleroderma verrucosum 586, 587 Sclerosporaceae 125–126 Sclerospora 125 Sclerospora graminicola 126 sclerotial stroma 430 Sclerotinia, macroconidium 430; microconidium 430, 432; sclerotium (sclerotial stroma) 20, 430 Sclerotinia (Myriosclerotinia) curreyana 430, 431, Pl. 7; Myrioconium-type microconidium 430, 431; sclerotium 431 Sclerotinia fructigena; see Monilinia fructigena Sclerotinia fuckeliana; see Botryotinia fuckeliana Sclerotinia laxa; see Monilinia laxa Sclerotinia (Stromatinia) narcissi, mating behaviour 435 Sclerotinia porri; see Botryotinia porri Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 431–434; biological control 433; infection biology 432; mating behaviour 436; oxalic acid 433; pH sensing 433; sclerotium 432, 434 Sclerotinia trifoliorum, mating behaviour 436 Sclerotinia (Dumontinia) tuberosa 431, 432 sclerotium 18, 19, 20–21; in Myxomycetes 49; see Aspergillus, Botrytis, Claviceps, Cordyceps, Morchella, Penicillium, Polyporus mylittae, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium Sclerotium cepivorum 431, 434; sclerotia and root exudates 434, 435 Sclerotium rolfsii, sclerotium 20, 501 scolecospore 23
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
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290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
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292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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294 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.5 Ctenomyce
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296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
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298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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300 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.12 Phialoco
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302 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.13 Conidiop
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304 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.14 Importan
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306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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308 PLECTOMYCETES unicellular chlam
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310 PLECTOMYCETES of the nest-like
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312 PLECTOMYCETES food spoilage (e.
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314 PLECTOMYCETES litter layer unde
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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETE
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13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 1
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392 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: ERYSIPHALES
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Plate 2 Oomycota. (a) Salmon infect
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Plate 4 Archiascomycetes (a c) and
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Plate 6 Apothecia of operculate dis
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Plate 8 Thalli of lichens. (a) The
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Plate10 Fruitbodies of Homobasidiom
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Plate12 Urediniomycetes (a g) and U
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14 Hymenoascomycetes: Pezizales (op
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416 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PEZIZALES (O
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430 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: HELOTIALES (
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16 Lichenized fungi (chiefly Hymeno
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448 LICHENIZED FUNGI (CHIEFLY HYMEN
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460 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.1 Sexua
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462 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.2 Lepto
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464 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.4 Stago
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466 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.7 Phoma
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468 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.9 Pleos
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470 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.10 Lewi
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472 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Table 17.2. S
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474 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.13 Bipo
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476 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.15 Toxi
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478 LOCULOASCOMYCETES is commonly f
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480 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.18 Spor
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482 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.19 Myco
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484 LOCULOASCOMYCETES incompatible
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486 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.24 Clad
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488 BASIDIOMYCOTA (Figs. 18.1d,e).
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490 BASIDIOMYCOTA wall is indeed th
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492 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.4 Life cycl
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494 BASIDIOMYCOTA dikaryotic ballis
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496 BASIDIOMYCOTA mushroom Agaricus
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498 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.9 Diagramma
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500 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.11 Diagramm
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502 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.13 Hyphal a
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504 BASIDIOMYCOTA Auricularia auric
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506 BASIDIOMYCOTA fungus Bulbillomy
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508 BASIDIOMYCOTA A 3 B 3 , A 3 B 4
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510 BASIDIOMYCOTA the small number
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512 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.21 Phylogen
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19 Homobasidiomycetes 19.1 Introduc
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Fig19.2 The eight-clade phylogeneti
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518 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES There are th
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520 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES basidiocarp
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522 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agar media,
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524 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.9 Diff
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526 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES An equally i
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528 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.11 Car
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530 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES are common o
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532 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES biotechnolog
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534 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 2 million to
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536 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Breeding of
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538 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES In culture,
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540 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES is used in a
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542 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES edible and s
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544 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.17 Sch
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546 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES in a sinuous
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548 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES growth often
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550 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agg. (Fig. 1
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552 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES to form the
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554 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES phylogenetic
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556 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.21 Bas
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558 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES fungus is ac
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560 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES monokaryons
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562 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES logs, they m
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564 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES of peroxidas
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566 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES and their po
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568 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.27 Ste
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570 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES non-outcross
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572 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES (Talbot, 197
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574 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES P. pomaceus
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576 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES independentl
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578 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES: GASTEROMYCE
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594 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Table 21.1
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596 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Simple app
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598 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES (Uetake et
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600 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES 21.3.1 Dac
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602 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.6 A
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604 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES the hymeni
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606 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.10
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608 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.13
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610 UREDINIOMYCETES: UREDINALES (RU
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23 Ustilaginomycetes: smut fungi an
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638 USTILAGINOMYCETES: SMUT FUNGI A
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24 Basidiomycete yeasts 24.1 Introd
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660 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS (Heterobas
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662 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS in that it
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664 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 5-fluorocy
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666 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS and Xantho
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668 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.5 S
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670 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.7 P
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672 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.9 M
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674 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Table 25.1. Ex
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676 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.2 Scann
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678 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.4 (a c)
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680 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.6 Drech
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682 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.8 Endop
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684 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI with the cutic
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686 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI distribution.
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688 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.11 Two
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690 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.15 Dend
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692 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.18 Thre
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694 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Bandoni (1974)
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696 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI & Klug, 1976,
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698 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.21 Some
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700 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.23 Air-
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References Abbott, S. P. & Currah,
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704 REFERENCES Anderson, J. B. & Ul
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706 REFERENCES Baka, Z. A., Larous,
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708 REFERENCES Bartnicki-Garcia, S.
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710 REFERENCES Benny, G. L. (1992).
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712 REFERENCES Bock, K. R. (1962).
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714 REFERENCES Brasier, C. M., Kirk
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716 REFERENCES Burdsall, H. H. & Ba
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718 REFERENCES Carbone, I. & Kohn,
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720 REFERENCES Chang, S. T. & Yau,
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722 REFERENCES Coates, D., Rayner,
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724 REFERENCES Coustou, V., Deleu,
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726 REFERENCES Davey, C. B. & Papav
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728 REFERENCES de Vrije, T., Antoin
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730 REFERENCES Drechsler, C. (1960)
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732 REFERENCES Engel, H. & Schneide
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734 REFERENCES Fischer-Parton, S.,
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736 REFERENCES Fuller, M. S. & Olso
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738 REFERENCES Giesy, R. M. & Day,
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740 REFERENCES Gow, N. A. R. (1995)
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742 REFERENCES Guillot, J. & Guého
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744 REFERENCES Hartley, M. J. & Wil
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746 REFERENCES Hesseltine, C. W., W
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748 REFERENCES Horan, D. P., Chilve
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750 REFERENCES Ikediugwu, F. E. O.
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752 REFERENCES Jansson, H.-B. & Nor
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754 REFERENCES Kaltz, O. & Shykoff,
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756 REFERENCES Kimbeng, C. A. (1999
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758 REFERENCES Krassilov, V. A. & M
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760 REFERENCES Laidlaw, W. M. R. (1
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762 REFERENCES Letscher-Bru, V. & H
Page 1594:
764 REFERENCES Lu, B. C. (1964). Po
Page 1598:
766 REFERENCES Malik, M. M. S. (197
Page 1602:
768 REFERENCES McCreadie, J. W., Be
Page 1606:
770 REFERENCES Mims, C. W. (1982).
Page 1610:
772 REFERENCES Moore, D., Hock, B.,
Page 1614:
774 REFERENCES Müller, E. & Tomase
Page 1618:
776 REFERENCES Newsham, K. K., Low,
Page 1622:
778 REFERENCES Okada, G., Jacobs, K
Page 1626:
780 REFERENCES Park, D. (1974) Aqua
Page 1630:
782 REFERENCES Pfunder, M. & Roy, B
Page 1634:
784 REFERENCES Pukatzki, S., Kessin
Page 1638:
786 REFERENCES Read, S. J., Moss, S
Page 1642:
788 REFERENCES Rishbeth, J. (1961).
Page 1646:
790 REFERENCES Saenz, G. S. & Taylo
Page 1650:
792 REFERENCES Schimek, C., Eibel,
Page 1654:
794 REFERENCES Shattock, R. C. & Pr
Page 1658:
796 REFERENCES Sláviková, E. & Va
Page 1662:
798 REFERENCES Sridhar, K. R. & Bä
Page 1666:
800 REFERENCES Stubblefield, S. P.,
Page 1670:
802 REFERENCES Taylor, J. & Birdwel
Page 1674:
804 REFERENCES Trappe, J. M. (1979)
Page 1678:
806 REFERENCES van der Plaats-Niter
Page 1682:
808 REFERENCES Walker, R. F., West,
Page 1686: 810 REFERENCES Webster, J. (1964).
Page 1690: 812 REFERENCES Whalley, A. J. S. (1
Page 1694: 814 REFERENCES Witthuhn, R. C., Win
Page 1698: 816 REFERENCES Zeigler, R. S. (1998
Page 1702: 818 INDEX amerospore 23 2-aminopyri
Page 1706: 820 INDEX biological control 263; o
Page 1710: 822 INDEX Clavaria 575-576; ericoid
Page 1714: 824 INDEX Digitatospora marina 693
Page 1718: 826 INDEX gene conversion 319, 423
Page 1722: 828 INDEX Hypocrea virens (anam. Tr
Page 1726: 830 INDEX microconidium 291, 329, 3
Page 1730: 832 INDEX oxalate crystals 173, 529
Page 1734: 834 INDEX Plasmodiophoromycota 24,
Page 1740: INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744: INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748: INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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