Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETES Table 12.1. Core groups of Pyrenomycetes as treated in this chapter. Species numbers (in brackets) are based mostly on Kirk et al. (2001). Taxon Examples ofteleomorphs Examples of anamorph Sordariales (see p. 315) Sordaria (14) Podospora and Schizothecium (80) Neurospora (12) Chrysonilia Chaetomium (80) Xylariales (see p. 332) Daldinia (13) Nodulisporium Xylaria (100) Nodulisporium Biscogniauxia (25) Nodulisporium Hypoxylon (120) Nodulisporium,Geniculosporium Kretzschmaria (5) Nodulisporium Hypocopra (30) Podosordaria (17) Lindquistia Poronia (2) Rosellinia (100) Dematophora Hypocreales (see p. 337) Hypocrea (100) Trichoderma Hypomyces (30) Cladobotryum,Verticillium Nectria (28) Acremonium,Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium Gibberella (10) Fusarium Sphaerostilbella (4) Gliocladium Clavicipitales (see p. 348) Claviceps (36) Sphacelia Cordyceps (100) Beauveria, Metarhizium, Tolypocladium Epichloe (8) Neotyphodium Balansia (20) Ephelis Ophiostomatales (see p. 364) Ophiostoma (100) Graphium, Leptographium, Sporothrix, Pesotum Microascales (see p. 368) Microascus (13) Cephalotrichum, Scopulariopsis, Wardomyces Ceratocystis (14) Thielaviopsis Sphaeronaemella (5) Gabarnaudia Diaporthales (see p. 373) Diaporthe (75) Phomopsis Cryphonectria (6) Endothiella Apiognomonia,Gnomoniella (18) Discula Magnaporthaceae (see p. 377) Magnaporthe (4) Pyricularia Gaeumannomyces (5) Phialophora Glomerellaceae (see p. 386) Glomerella (5) Colletotrichum The best-known genera of Sordariaceae are Sordaria, Podospora and Neurospora. Many Sordaria and Podospora spp. are coprophilous, fruiting on the dung of herbivores, but species growing on wood or in soil are also known. Neurospora occurs in nature on burnt soil and vegetation, especially in warmer countries. All three genera have been extensively used in genetic studies.
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
Page 622: 290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
Page 626: 292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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Page 634: 296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
Page 638: 298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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Page 654: 306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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Page 676: SORDARIALES 317 The dark-coloured p
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Page 684: SORDARIALES 321 Fig12.3 Schizotheci
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Page 692: SORDARIALES 325 Mating type factors
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Page 704: SORDARIALES 331 heterokaryotic (A
Page 708: XYLARIALES 333 been placed in sever
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Page 716: HYPOCREALES 337 Fig12.13 serpens. T
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HYPOCREALES 341 Fig12.16 Conidiopho
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HYPOCREALES 343 Fig12.18 Canker cau
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HYPOCREALES 345 Fig12.21 Nectria ma
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HYPOCREALES 347 Fig12.22 Fusarium c
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CLAVICIPITALES 349 thick apical cap
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CLAVICIPITALES 351 Fig12.25 The hom
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CLAVICIPITALES 353 and dumb, and, b
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CLAVICIPITALES 355 alkaloid product
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CLAVICIPITALES 357 Fig12.29 Epichlo
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CLAVICIPITALES 359 Fig12.31 Endophy
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CLAVICIPITALES 361 artificially inf
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CLAVICIPITALES 363 conidia. The ass
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OPHIOSTOMATALES 365 Fig12.36 Ophios
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OPHIOSTOMATALES 367 Fig12.37 Asexua
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MICROASCALES 369 Fig12.38 Scopulari
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MICROASCALES 371 Fig12.40 Trichurus
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DIAPORTHALES 373 Aspects of pathoge
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DIAPORTHALES 375 enveloped by hypha
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 377 cAMP levels wer
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 379 Fig12.44 The in
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 381 with a hydropho
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 383 Fig12.47 (a) Co
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 385 intracellular s
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GLOMERELLACEAE 387 Fig12.51 Colleto
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GLOMERELLACEAE 389 infection proces
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INTRODUCTION 391 Fig13.1 Summary of
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 393 of the Erysip
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 395 Fig13.3 An ex
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 397 leaf surface.
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 399 Fig13.5 Inter
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ERYSIPHE 401 that B. graminis survi
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ERYSIPHE 403 Fig13.9 Summer shoot o
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PHYLLACTINIA AND LEVEILLULA 405 Fig
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PHYLLACTINIA AND LEVEILLULA 407 Fig
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CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW DISEASES
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Plate1 Slimemoulds(Myxomycota).(a)W
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Plate 3 Chytridiomycota (a c) and Z
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Plate 5 Pyrenomycetes. (a) Daldinia
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Plate 7 Inoperculate Discomycetes (
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Plate 9 Fruit bodies of Homobasidio
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Plate11 Gasteromycetes (a f) and He
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PYRONEMA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 415 Table
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ALEURIA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 417 simult
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ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 419 Aleuri
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ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 421 Fig14.
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TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 423 of neighbour
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TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 425 Fig14.7 Tube
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MORCHELLA (MORCHELLACEAE) 427 surro
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15 Hymenoascomycetes: Helotiales (i
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 431 Fig15.1 Sclerot
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 433 Fig15.3 Monilin
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 435 Fig15.4 Non-vol
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 437 Fig15.6 Life cy
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DERMATEACEAE 439 Further, B. cinere
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RHYTISMATACEAE 441 Fig15.8 Infectio
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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GENERAL ASPECTS OF LICHEN BIOLOGY 4
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Table 16.1. Summary of the most imp
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LECANORALES 455 listed in Table 16.
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LECANORALES 457 Fig16.8 Cladonia py
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17 Loculoascomycetes 17.1 Introduct
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PLEOSPORALES 461 Pseudoparaphyses a
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PLEOSPORALES 463 Fig17.3 Leptosphae
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PLEOSPORALES 465 Fig17.5 Ascochyta
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PLEOSPORALES 467 Fig17.8 Epicoccum
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PLEOSPORALES 469 used (Ellis, 1971b
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PLEOSPORALES 471 Fig17.11 Alternari
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PLEOSPORALES 473 Fig17.12 Helmintho
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PLEOSPORALES 475 Fig17.14 Curvulari
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PLEOSPORALES 477 1999). Victorin bi
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PLEOSPORALES 479 Fig17.17 Venturia
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DOTHIDEALES 481 Table 17.3. Some an
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DOTHIDEALES 483 Fig17.20 Wheat leaf
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DOTHIDEALES 485 Fig17.22 Cercospori
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18 Basidiomycota 18.1 Introduction
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DEVELOPMENT OF BASIDIA 489 Fig18.2
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BASIDIOSPORE DEVELOPMENT 491 Fig18.
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THE MECHANISM OF BASIDIOSPORE DISCH
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NUMBERS OF BASIDIOSPORES 495 Fig18.
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497 BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HY
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BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HYPHAL
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 501 Fig18.12 S
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 503 Fig18.14 A
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 505 Fig18.16 S
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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RELATIONSHIPS 511 colonized by this
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CLASSIFICATION 513 These taxonomic
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INTRODUCTION 515 Fig19.1 Examples o
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STRUCTURE AND MORPHOGENESIS OF BASI
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IMPORTANCE OF HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 52
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EUAGARICS CLADE 533 Fig19.14 Basidi
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EUAGARICS CLADE 535 primordium has
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EUAGARICS CLADE 537 psychromorbidus
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EUAGARICS CLADE 539 Fig19.15 Second
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EUAGARICS CLADE 541 (see Figs. 19.1
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EUAGARICS CLADE 545 flesh of the fr
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EUAGARICS CLADE 549 Fig19.19 Gravit
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EUAGARICS CLADE 551 Control of witc
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BOLETOID CLADE 555 fungus (P. namek
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BOLETOID CLADE 557 consumption. The
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BOLETOID CLADE 559 such timbers tha
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POLYPOROID CLADE 561 Fig19.23 Basid
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POLYPOROID CLADE 563 Fig19.24 Trame
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POLYPOROID CLADE 565 distinct compo
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RUSSULOID CLADE 567 Fig19.26 Basidi
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RUSSULOID CLADE 569 predominantly b
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RUSSULOID CLADE 571 Fig19.28 The bo
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HYMENOCHAETOID CLADE 573 one of a g
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GOMPHOID PHALLOID CLADE 575 bodies
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20 Homobasidiomycetes: gasteromycet
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EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF GASTEROM
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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21 Heterobasidiomycetes 21.1 Introd
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CERATOBASIDIALES 595 affected (Sneh
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CERATOBASIDIALES 597 Fig 21.2 Rhizo
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DACRYMYCETALES 599 Fig 21.4 Dacrymy
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AURICULARIALES 601 of basidiospores
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AURICULARIALES 603 Fig 21.7 Life cy
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TREMELLALES 605 conjugation of comp
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TREMELLALES 607 Fig 21.12 Life cycl
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22 Urediniomycetes: Uredinales (rus
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 611 Fig
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 613 Homo
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 619 form
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PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, THE CAUSE OF BLA
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OTHER CEREAL RUSTS 627 race charact
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PUCCINIA AND UROMYCES 629 Fig 22.13
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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MELAMPSORACEAE 635 Fig 22.15 Sectio
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THE ‘TRUE’ SMUT FUNGI (USTILAGI
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MICROBOTRYALES (UREDINIOMYCETES) 65
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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INTRODUCTION 659 Fig 24.1 Basidiomy
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 661 Tabl
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 663 Fig
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 665 wide
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 667 Fig 24.4
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 669 Fig 24.6
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USTILAGINOMYCETE YEASTS 671 Fig 24.
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25 Anamorphic fungi (nematophagous
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 675 We owe much
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 677 Fig 25.3 Ar
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 679 Fig 25.5 Da
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 681 Fig 25.7 Ne
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 683 (group 1),
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AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES (INGOLDIAN FUN
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 697 Table 25.3.
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 699 Fig 25.22 Pr
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 701 means of dis
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REFERENCES 703 Aist, J. R. & Israel
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REFERENCES 705 Arnold, D. L., Blake
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REFERENCES 707 Barr, D. J. S. (1987
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REFERENCES 709 Beakes, G. W. & Gloc
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REFERENCES 711 Beuchat, L. R. (1995
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REFERENCES 713 Bourett, T. M., Czym
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REFERENCES 715 Brown, J. S., Whan,
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REFERENCES 717 Callac, P. (1995). B
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REFERENCES 719 Castlebury, L. A., R
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REFERENCES 721 Chiu, S. W. & Moore,
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REFERENCES 723 Cooke, L. R. & Littl
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REFERENCES 725 Culvenor, C. C., Bec
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REFERENCES 727 Degousée, N., Gupta
Page 1524:
REFERENCES 729 Dissing, H. (1986).
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REFERENCES 731 Edgar, J. A., Frahn,
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REFERENCES 733 Falk, S. P., Gadoury
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REFERENCES 735 Foster, S. J. & Fitt
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REFERENCES 737 Gauger, W. L. (1975)
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REFERENCES 739 Haptoglossa heteromo
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REFERENCES 741 Griffith, J. M., Dav
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REFERENCES 743 Hampson, M. C. (1988
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REFERENCES 745 Heath, M. C. & Skala
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REFERENCES 747 Hohl, H. R. & Iselin
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REFERENCES 749 Huang, B., Li, Z. G.
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REFERENCES 751 Ingold, C. T. & Zobe
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REFERENCES 753 Jiang, J., Stephenso
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REFERENCES 755 Kendrick, B., ed. (1
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REFERENCES 757 Ko, W. H. (1980). Ho
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REFERENCES 759 concern: cytological
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REFERENCES 761 Latunde-Dada, A. O.,
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REFERENCES 763 Lingappa, B. T. (195
Page 1596:
REFERENCES 765 Luttrell, E. S. (198
Page 1600:
REFERENCES 767 Markovich, N. A. & K
Page 1604:
REFERENCES 769 Menge, J. A. (1984).
Page 1608:
REFERENCES 771 Molina, R., Trappe,
Page 1612:
REFERENCES 773 Moss, M. O. & Long,
Page 1616:
REFERENCES 775 inoperculaten Discom
Page 1620:
REFERENCES 777 Obermayer, W. & Poel
Page 1624:
REFERENCES 779 Ott, S., Meier, T. &
Page 1628:
REFERENCES 781 Percudani, R., Trevi
Page 1632:
REFERENCES 783 Pommer, E.-H. (1995)
Page 1636:
REFERENCES 785 Raper, J. R. (1939).
Page 1640:
REFERENCES 787 Reynolds, D. R. (197
Page 1644:
REFERENCES 789 Roncal, T., Cordobé
Page 1648:
REFERENCES 791 Sánchez, C. (2004).
Page 1652:
REFERENCES 793 K. A. Powell, A. Ren
Page 1656:
REFERENCES 795 Silliker, M. E., Mon
Page 1660:
REFERENCES 797 Solla, A. & Gil, L.
Page 1664:
REFERENCES 799 Stensrud, Ø., Hywel
Page 1668:
REFERENCES 801 Swann, E. C. & Taylo
Page 1672:
REFERENCES 803 Thines, E., Weber, R
Page 1676:
REFERENCES 805 Uchida, W., Matsunag
Page 1680:
REFERENCES 807 Verstrepen, K. J., D
Page 1684:
REFERENCES 809 Waters, H., Butler,
Page 1688:
REFERENCES 811 Weeks, R. J., Padhye
Page 1692:
REFERENCES 813 Willetts, H. J. & Bu
Page 1696:
REFERENCES 815 Xu, J.-T. & Mu, C. (
Page 1700:
Index Page numbers with images are
Page 1704:
INDEX 819 ascospore-delimiting memb
Page 1708:
INDEX 821 Candida parapsilosis 227,
Page 1712:
INDEX 823 Cordyceps capitata 362 Co
Page 1716:
INDEX 825 Erysiphe polygoni 402 Ery
Page 1720:
INDEX 827 hemicellulose 528 Hemilei
Page 1724:
INDEX 829 Leveillula taurica 407 Le
Page 1728:
INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732:
INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736:
INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740:
INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744:
INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748:
INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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