Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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xviii PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION misrepresentations in a work of this scale, and we offer our apologies to those who feel that their work or that of others has not been adequately covered. At the same time, it has been a fascinating experience for us to write this book, and we have thoroughly enjoyed the immense diversity of approaches and ideas which make mycology such a vibrant discipline at present. We hope to have conveyed some of its fascination to the reader in the text and by referring to as many original publications as possible. Exeter and Kaiserslautern, 1 March 2006 J.W. and R.W.S.W.
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Page 8: Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
Page 12: To Philip M. Booth
Page 18: viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
Page 22: x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
Page 28: Preface to the first edition There
Page 36: Preface to the third edition Major
Page 44: 1 Introduction 1.1 What are fungi?
Page 48: PHYSIOLOGYOF THE GROWING HYPHA 3 a
Page 52: PHYSIOLOGYOF THE GROWING HYPHA 5 Fi
Page 64: PHYSIOLOGYOF THE GROWING HYPHA 11 a
Page 68: PHYSIOLOGYOF THE GROWING HYPHA 13 (
Page 72: HYPHAL AGGREGATES 15 leading to the
Page 76: HYPHAL AGGREGATES 17 Fig1.14 Rhizom
Page 80: HYPHAL AGGREGATES 19 Fig1.16 Develo
Page 84: HYPHAL AGGREGATES 21 Germination of
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SPORES OF FUNGI 23 over thousands o
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SPORES OF FUNGI 25 Fig1.18 Sporangi
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SPORES OF FUNGI 27 are unicellular,
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SPORES OF FUNGI 29 Fig1.21 Sexual r
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SPORES OF FUNGI 31 Fig1.23 Diagrams
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TAXONOMY OF FUNGI 33 or the way in
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TAXONOMY OF FUNGI 35 closely relate
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TAXONOMY OF FUNGI 37 Fig1.26 Phylog
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TAXONOMY OF FUNGI 39 state is apoth
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DICTYOSTELIOMYCETES: DICTYOSTELID S
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DICTYOSTELIOMYCETES: DICTYOSTELID S
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PROTOSTELIOMYCETES: PROTOSTELID PLA
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MYXOMYCETES: TRUE (PLASMODIAL) SLIM
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PLASMODIOPHORALES 55 of unequal len
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PLASMODIOPHORALES 57 Fig 3.2 Club r
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PLASMODIOPHORALES 59 Fig 3.5 Plasmo
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PLASMODIOPHORALES 61 protein was de
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CONTROL OF DISEASES CAUSED BY PLASM
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HAPTOGLOSSA (HAPTOGLOSSALES) 65 alt
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4 Straminipila: minor fungal phyla
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THE STRAMINIPILOUS FLAGELLUM 69 Fig
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LABYRINTHULOMYCOTA 71 phylogenetica
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LABYRINTHULOMYCOTA 73 Fig 4.7 Ultra
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5 Straminipila: Oomycota 5.1 Introd
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INTRODUCTION 77 Fig 5.2 Schematic d
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SAPROLEGNIALES 79 prepared the way
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SAPROLEGNIALES 81 cell wall-softeni
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SAPROLEGNIALES 83 cleavage furrows
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SAPROLEGNIALES 85 Either way, attac
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SAPROLEGNIALES 87 studies on the na
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SAPROLEGNIALES 89 Fig 5.10 Achlya a
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SAPROLEGNIALES 91 there is also evi
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SAPROLEGNIALES 93 Fig 5.13 (a d) Di
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PYTHIALES 95 are keratinophilic, oc
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PYTHIALES 97 Fig 5.15 Pythium mycel
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PYTHIALES 99 Fig 5.17 Pythium middl
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PYTHIALES 101 Fig 5.19 Life cycle o
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PYTHIALES 103 roots severely rotted
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PYTHIALES 105 Fig 5.21 TEM images o
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PYTHIALES 107 Fig 5.23 Schematic dr
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PYTHIALES 109 Fig 5.25 Oogonial dev
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PYTHIALES 111 propagule of Phytopht
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PYTHIALES 113 Fig 5.27 Fungicides a
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PERONOSPORALES 115 followed by para
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PERONOSPORALES 117 Fig 5.28 Peronos
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PERONOSPORALES 119 P. parasitica an
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PERONOSPORALES 121 and in market ga
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PERONOSPORALES 123 Fig 5.32 Albugo
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SCLEROSPORACEAE 125 pass the winter
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6 Chytridiomycota 6.1 Introduction
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INTRODUCTION 129 In the inoperculat
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INTRODUCTION 131 Most zoospores are
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INTRODUCTION 133 Fig 6.5 Sexual rep
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CHYTRIDIALES 135 unlicensed workers
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CHYTRIDIALES 137 is golden brown in
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CHYTRIDIALES 139 in that both summe
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CHYTRIDIALES 141 the diatom Asterio
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CHYTRIDIALES 143 zoospore is uninuc
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SPIZELLOMYCETALES 145 Fig 6.13 Nowa
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SPIZELLOMYCETALES 147 Fig 6.15 Olpi
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SPIZELLOMYCETALES 149 zoospores (Fi
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NEOCALLIMASTIGALES (RUMEN FUNGI) 15
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BLASTOCLADIALES 153 and grooming (L
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BLASTOCLADIALES 155 The zoospore of
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BLASTOCLADIALES 157 Fig 6.20 (a h)
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BLASTOCLADIALES 159 membranes is in
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BLASTOCLADIALES 161 a thick-walled
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MONOBLEPHARIDALES 163 Fig 6.24 Summ
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7 Zygomycota 7.1 Introduction The p
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ZYGOMYCETES: MUCORALES 167 species
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ZYGOMYCETES: MUCORALES 169 mycelium
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ZYGOMYCETES: MUCORALES 171 Fig 7.6
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ZYGOMYCETES: MUCORALES 173 The spor
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ZYGOMYCETES: MUCORALES 175 but is c
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ZYGOMYCETES: MUCORALES 177 Fig 7.10
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ZYGOMYCETES: MUCORALES 179 collecte
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EXAMPLES OF MUCORALES 181 Fig 7.13
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EXAMPLES OF MUCORALES 189 Fig 7.2 2
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EXAMPLES OF MUCORALES 191 Thamnidiu
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EXAMPLES OF MUCORALES 193 distribut
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EXAMPLES OF MUCORALES 195 nodding s
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EXAMPLES OF MUCORALES 197 of the un
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ZOOPAGALES 201 5 families and 20 ge
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ENTOMOPHTHORALES 203 An illustrated
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ENTOMOPHTHORALES 205 (2) Germinatio
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ENTOMOPHTHORALES 207 Basidiobolus m
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ENTOMOPHTHORALES 209 Fig 7.38 Basid
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ENTOMOPHTHORALES 211 layered thicke
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ENTOMOPHTHORALES 213 Fig 7.41 Eryni
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ENTOMOPHTHORALES 215 germination (W
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GLOMALES 217 become infected with E
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GLOMALES 219 Fig 7.45 Furia america
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GLOMALES 221 kind of mycorrhiza are
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TRICHOMYCETES 223 group have a worl
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TRICHOMYCETES 225 Simulium in the p
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VEGETATIVE STRUCTURES 227 Fig 8.1 (
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LIFE CYCLES OF ASCOMYCETES 229 Fig
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CONIDIUM PRODUCTION IN ASCOMYCETES
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DEVELOPMENT OF ASCI 237 These nucle
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DEVELOPMENT OF ASCI 239 appendages
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DEVELOPMENT OF ASCI 241 may converg
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DEVELOPMENT OF ASCI 243 Fig 8.14 As
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TYPESOFFRUITBODY 245 the spores may
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CLASSIFICATION 247 mutants and the
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CLASSIFICATION 249 An outline of cu
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TAPHRINALES 251 9.2 Taphrinales The
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SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCETALES 253 about 5
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SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCETALES 255 importa
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SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCETALES 257 Fig 9.5
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PNEUMOCYSTIS 259 formation of the i
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10 Hemiascomycetes 10.1 Introductio
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SACCHAROMYCES (SACCHAROMYCETACEAE)
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CANDIDA (ANAMORPHIC SACCHAROMYCETAL
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CANDIDA (ANAMORPHIC SACCHAROMYCETAL
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GALACTOMYCES (DIPODASCACEAE) 281 of
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SACCHAROMYCOPSIS (SACCHAROMYCOPSIDA
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11 Plectomycetes 11.1 Introduction
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ASCOSPHAERALES 287 ascocarps, and i
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ONYGENALES 289 infected larvae rath
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ONYGENALES 291 Onygenaceae as human
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ONYGENALES 293 disturb the soil. On
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ONYGENALES 295 Fig11.7 Friesian cat
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EUROTIALES 297 have gymnothecia wit
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EUROTIALES 299 penicilli, a further
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EUROTIALES 301 biseriate species As
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EUROTIALES 303 Cheese production in
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EUROTIALES 305 has similarities to
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EUROTIALES 307 are uncommon, with t
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EUROTIALES 309 Fig11.16 Eurotium re
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EUROTIALES 311 Fig11.18 Conidiophor
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EUROTIALES 313 Fig11.21 Elaphomyces
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12 Hymenoascomycetes: Pyrenomycetes
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SORDARIALES 317 The dark-coloured p
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SORDARIALES 319 vitamins by the sti
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SORDARIALES 321 Fig12.3 Schizotheci
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SORDARIALES 323 degenerates. Cultur
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SORDARIALES 325 Mating type factors
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SORDARIALES 327 kilns and bakeries
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SORDARIALES 329 Fig12.8 Neurospora
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SORDARIALES 331 heterokaryotic (A
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XYLARIALES 333 been placed in sever
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XYLARIALES 335 Daldinia concentrica
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HYPOCREALES 337 Fig12.13 serpens. T
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HYPOCREALES 339 mushroom mycelium.
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HYPOCREALES 341 Fig12.16 Conidiopho
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HYPOCREALES 343 Fig12.18 Canker cau
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HYPOCREALES 345 Fig12.21 Nectria ma
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HYPOCREALES 347 Fig12.22 Fusarium c
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CLAVICIPITALES 349 thick apical cap
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CLAVICIPITALES 351 Fig12.25 The hom
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CLAVICIPITALES 353 and dumb, and, b
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CLAVICIPITALES 355 alkaloid product
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CLAVICIPITALES 357 Fig12.29 Epichlo
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CLAVICIPITALES 359 Fig12.31 Endophy
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CLAVICIPITALES 361 artificially inf
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CLAVICIPITALES 363 conidia. The ass
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OPHIOSTOMATALES 365 Fig12.36 Ophios
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OPHIOSTOMATALES 367 Fig12.37 Asexua
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MICROASCALES 369 Fig12.38 Scopulari
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MICROASCALES 371 Fig12.40 Trichurus
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DIAPORTHALES 373 Aspects of pathoge
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DIAPORTHALES 375 enveloped by hypha
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 377 cAMP levels wer
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 379 Fig12.44 The in
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 381 with a hydropho
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 383 Fig12.47 (a) Co
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 385 intracellular s
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GLOMERELLACEAE 387 Fig12.51 Colleto
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GLOMERELLACEAE 389 infection proces
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INTRODUCTION 391 Fig13.1 Summary of
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 393 of the Erysip
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 395 Fig13.3 An ex
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 397 leaf surface.
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 399 Fig13.5 Inter
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ERYSIPHE 401 that B. graminis survi
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ERYSIPHE 403 Fig13.9 Summer shoot o
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PHYLLACTINIA AND LEVEILLULA 405 Fig
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PHYLLACTINIA AND LEVEILLULA 407 Fig
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CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW DISEASES
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Plate1 Slimemoulds(Myxomycota).(a)W
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Plate 3 Chytridiomycota (a c) and Z
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Plate 5 Pyrenomycetes. (a) Daldinia
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Plate 7 Inoperculate Discomycetes (
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Plate 9 Fruit bodies of Homobasidio
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Plate11 Gasteromycetes (a f) and He
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PYRONEMA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 415 Table
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ALEURIA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 417 simult
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ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 419 Aleuri
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ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 421 Fig14.
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TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 423 of neighbour
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TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 425 Fig14.7 Tube
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MORCHELLA (MORCHELLACEAE) 427 surro
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15 Hymenoascomycetes: Helotiales (i
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 431 Fig15.1 Sclerot
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 433 Fig15.3 Monilin
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 435 Fig15.4 Non-vol
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 437 Fig15.6 Life cy
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DERMATEACEAE 439 Further, B. cinere
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RHYTISMATACEAE 441 Fig15.8 Infectio
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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GENERAL ASPECTS OF LICHEN BIOLOGY 4
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Table 16.1. Summary of the most imp
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LECANORALES 455 listed in Table 16.
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LECANORALES 457 Fig16.8 Cladonia py
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17 Loculoascomycetes 17.1 Introduct
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PLEOSPORALES 461 Pseudoparaphyses a
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PLEOSPORALES 463 Fig17.3 Leptosphae
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PLEOSPORALES 465 Fig17.5 Ascochyta
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PLEOSPORALES 467 Fig17.8 Epicoccum
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PLEOSPORALES 469 used (Ellis, 1971b
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PLEOSPORALES 471 Fig17.11 Alternari
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PLEOSPORALES 473 Fig17.12 Helmintho
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PLEOSPORALES 475 Fig17.14 Curvulari
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PLEOSPORALES 477 1999). Victorin bi
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PLEOSPORALES 479 Fig17.17 Venturia
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DOTHIDEALES 481 Table 17.3. Some an
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DOTHIDEALES 483 Fig17.20 Wheat leaf
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DOTHIDEALES 485 Fig17.22 Cercospori
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18 Basidiomycota 18.1 Introduction
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DEVELOPMENT OF BASIDIA 489 Fig18.2
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BASIDIOSPORE DEVELOPMENT 491 Fig18.
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THE MECHANISM OF BASIDIOSPORE DISCH
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NUMBERS OF BASIDIOSPORES 495 Fig18.
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497 BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HY
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BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HYPHAL
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 501 Fig18.12 S
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 503 Fig18.14 A
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 505 Fig18.16 S
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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RELATIONSHIPS 511 colonized by this
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CLASSIFICATION 513 These taxonomic
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INTRODUCTION 515 Fig19.1 Examples o
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STRUCTURE AND MORPHOGENESIS OF BASI
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IMPORTANCE OF HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 52
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EUAGARICS CLADE 533 Fig19.14 Basidi
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EUAGARICS CLADE 535 primordium has
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EUAGARICS CLADE 537 psychromorbidus
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EUAGARICS CLADE 539 Fig19.15 Second
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EUAGARICS CLADE 541 (see Figs. 19.1
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EUAGARICS CLADE 545 flesh of the fr
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EUAGARICS CLADE 549 Fig19.19 Gravit
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EUAGARICS CLADE 551 Control of witc
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BOLETOID CLADE 555 fungus (P. namek
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BOLETOID CLADE 557 consumption. The
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BOLETOID CLADE 559 such timbers tha
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POLYPOROID CLADE 561 Fig19.23 Basid
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POLYPOROID CLADE 563 Fig19.24 Trame
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POLYPOROID CLADE 565 distinct compo
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RUSSULOID CLADE 567 Fig19.26 Basidi
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RUSSULOID CLADE 569 predominantly b
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RUSSULOID CLADE 571 Fig19.28 The bo
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HYMENOCHAETOID CLADE 573 one of a g
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GOMPHOID PHALLOID CLADE 575 bodies
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20 Homobasidiomycetes: gasteromycet
Page 1224:
EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF GASTEROM
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
Page 1248:
GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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21 Heterobasidiomycetes 21.1 Introd
Page 1256:
CERATOBASIDIALES 595 affected (Sneh
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CERATOBASIDIALES 597 Fig 21.2 Rhizo
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DACRYMYCETALES 599 Fig 21.4 Dacrymy
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AURICULARIALES 601 of basidiospores
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AURICULARIALES 603 Fig 21.7 Life cy
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TREMELLALES 605 conjugation of comp
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TREMELLALES 607 Fig 21.12 Life cycl
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22 Urediniomycetes: Uredinales (rus
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 611 Fig
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 613 Homo
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Page 1304:
UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 619 form
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PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, THE CAUSE OF BLA
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Page 1320:
OTHER CEREAL RUSTS 627 race charact
Page 1324:
PUCCINIA AND UROMYCES 629 Fig 22.13
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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MELAMPSORACEAE 635 Fig 22.15 Sectio
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THE ‘TRUE’ SMUT FUNGI (USTILAGI
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MICROBOTRYALES (UREDINIOMYCETES) 65
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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INTRODUCTION 659 Fig 24.1 Basidiomy
Page 1388:
HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 661 Tabl
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 663 Fig
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 665 wide
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 667 Fig 24.4
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 669 Fig 24.6
Page 1408:
USTILAGINOMYCETE YEASTS 671 Fig 24.
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25 Anamorphic fungi (nematophagous
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 675 We owe much
Page 1420:
NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 677 Fig 25.3 Ar
Page 1424:
NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 679 Fig 25.5 Da
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 681 Fig 25.7 Ne
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 683 (group 1),
Page 1436:
AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES (INGOLDIAN FUN
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Page 1460:
AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 697 Table 25.3.
Page 1464:
AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 699 Fig 25.22 Pr
Page 1468:
AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 701 means of dis
Page 1472:
REFERENCES 703 Aist, J. R. & Israel
Page 1476:
REFERENCES 705 Arnold, D. L., Blake
Page 1480:
REFERENCES 707 Barr, D. J. S. (1987
Page 1484:
REFERENCES 709 Beakes, G. W. & Gloc
Page 1488:
REFERENCES 711 Beuchat, L. R. (1995
Page 1492:
REFERENCES 713 Bourett, T. M., Czym
Page 1496:
REFERENCES 715 Brown, J. S., Whan,
Page 1500:
REFERENCES 717 Callac, P. (1995). B
Page 1504:
REFERENCES 719 Castlebury, L. A., R
Page 1508:
REFERENCES 721 Chiu, S. W. & Moore,
Page 1512:
REFERENCES 723 Cooke, L. R. & Littl
Page 1516:
REFERENCES 725 Culvenor, C. C., Bec
Page 1520:
REFERENCES 727 Degousée, N., Gupta
Page 1524:
REFERENCES 729 Dissing, H. (1986).
Page 1528:
REFERENCES 731 Edgar, J. A., Frahn,
Page 1532:
REFERENCES 733 Falk, S. P., Gadoury
Page 1536:
REFERENCES 735 Foster, S. J. & Fitt
Page 1540:
REFERENCES 737 Gauger, W. L. (1975)
Page 1544:
REFERENCES 739 Haptoglossa heteromo
Page 1548:
REFERENCES 741 Griffith, J. M., Dav
Page 1552:
REFERENCES 743 Hampson, M. C. (1988
Page 1556:
REFERENCES 745 Heath, M. C. & Skala
Page 1560:
REFERENCES 747 Hohl, H. R. & Iselin
Page 1564:
REFERENCES 749 Huang, B., Li, Z. G.
Page 1568:
REFERENCES 751 Ingold, C. T. & Zobe
Page 1572:
REFERENCES 753 Jiang, J., Stephenso
Page 1576:
REFERENCES 755 Kendrick, B., ed. (1
Page 1580:
REFERENCES 757 Ko, W. H. (1980). Ho
Page 1584:
REFERENCES 759 concern: cytological
Page 1588:
REFERENCES 761 Latunde-Dada, A. O.,
Page 1592:
REFERENCES 763 Lingappa, B. T. (195
Page 1596:
REFERENCES 765 Luttrell, E. S. (198
Page 1600:
REFERENCES 767 Markovich, N. A. & K
Page 1604:
REFERENCES 769 Menge, J. A. (1984).
Page 1608:
REFERENCES 771 Molina, R., Trappe,
Page 1612:
REFERENCES 773 Moss, M. O. & Long,
Page 1616:
REFERENCES 775 inoperculaten Discom
Page 1620:
REFERENCES 777 Obermayer, W. & Poel
Page 1624:
REFERENCES 779 Ott, S., Meier, T. &
Page 1628:
REFERENCES 781 Percudani, R., Trevi
Page 1632:
REFERENCES 783 Pommer, E.-H. (1995)
Page 1636:
REFERENCES 785 Raper, J. R. (1939).
Page 1640:
REFERENCES 787 Reynolds, D. R. (197
Page 1644:
REFERENCES 789 Roncal, T., Cordobé
Page 1648:
REFERENCES 791 Sánchez, C. (2004).
Page 1652:
REFERENCES 793 K. A. Powell, A. Ren
Page 1656:
REFERENCES 795 Silliker, M. E., Mon
Page 1660:
REFERENCES 797 Solla, A. & Gil, L.
Page 1664:
REFERENCES 799 Stensrud, Ø., Hywel
Page 1668:
REFERENCES 801 Swann, E. C. & Taylo
Page 1672:
REFERENCES 803 Thines, E., Weber, R
Page 1676:
REFERENCES 805 Uchida, W., Matsunag
Page 1680:
REFERENCES 807 Verstrepen, K. J., D
Page 1684:
REFERENCES 809 Waters, H., Butler,
Page 1688:
REFERENCES 811 Weeks, R. J., Padhye
Page 1692:
REFERENCES 813 Willetts, H. J. & Bu
Page 1696:
REFERENCES 815 Xu, J.-T. & Mu, C. (
Page 1700:
Index Page numbers with images are
Page 1704:
INDEX 819 ascospore-delimiting memb
Page 1708:
INDEX 821 Candida parapsilosis 227,
Page 1712:
INDEX 823 Cordyceps capitata 362 Co
Page 1716:
INDEX 825 Erysiphe polygoni 402 Ery
Page 1720:
INDEX 827 hemicellulose 528 Hemilei
Page 1724:
INDEX 829 Leveillula taurica 407 Le
Page 1728:
INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732:
INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736:
INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740:
INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744:
INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748:
INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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