Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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580 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES: GASTEROMYCETES Table 20.1. Taxonomic affinities and spore release mechanisms of selected gasteromycetes. Hymenomycete grouping Gasteromycete genus Gasterocarp type Propagule Dispersal Ecology Euagarics clade Bovista,Calvatia Puffball (epigeous) Lycoperdon Puffball (epigeous) Crucibulum, Bird’s nest Cyathus (epigeous) Nia Gelatinous (epigeous) Boletoid clade Rhizopogon False truffle (hypogeous) Melanogaster False truffle (hypogeous) Pisolithus Earth ball (epigeous) Scleroderma Earth ball (epigeous) Astraeus Earth star (epigeous) Calostoma Puffball (epigeous) Gomphoid phalloid clade Geastrum Anthurus, Clathrus, Phallus, Mutinus Sphaerobolus Earth star (epigeous) Stinkhorn, etc. (epigeous) Cannonball (epigeous) Basidiospore A Saprotrophic Basidiospore B Saprotrophic Peridiole C Saprotrophic Basidiospore D Saprotrophic Basidiospore E Ectomycorrhizal Basidiospore E Ectomycorrhizal Peridiole or A Ectomycorrhizal basidiospore Basidiospore A Ectomycorrhizal Basidiospore B Ectomycorrhizal Basidiospore B Saprotrophic Basidiospore B Saprotrophic Basidiospore F Saprotrophic Peridiole G Saprotrophic Dispersal mechanisms of propagules are as follows: A.Disintegration of gasterocarp followed by release of propagules by wind or animal trampling. B.Puffing through a pore after a raindrop hits the endoperidium (‘bellows mechanism’). C. Splash cup dispersal following impact by a raindrop. D. Passive release into water. E.Distribution by burrowing animals and/or passive release into the soil following disintegration of the gasterocarp. F.Insectdispersal following olfactory and visual attraction. G. Active discharge of peridiole by tension-snap mechanism.
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
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290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
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292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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294 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.5 Ctenomyce
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296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
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298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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300 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.12 Phialoco
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302 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.13 Conidiop
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304 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.14 Importan
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306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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308 PLECTOMYCETES unicellular chlam
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310 PLECTOMYCETES of the nest-like
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312 PLECTOMYCETES food spoilage (e.
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314 PLECTOMYCETES litter layer unde
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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETE
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13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 1
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392 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: ERYSIPHALES
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Plate 2 Oomycota. (a) Salmon infect
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Plate 4 Archiascomycetes (a c) and
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Plate 6 Apothecia of operculate dis
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Plate 8 Thalli of lichens. (a) The
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Plate10 Fruitbodies of Homobasidiom
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Plate12 Urediniomycetes (a g) and U
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14 Hymenoascomycetes: Pezizales (op
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416 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PEZIZALES (O
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430 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: HELOTIALES (
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16 Lichenized fungi (chiefly Hymeno
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448 LICHENIZED FUNGI (CHIEFLY HYMEN
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460 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.1 Sexua
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462 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.2 Lepto
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464 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.4 Stago
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466 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.7 Phoma
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468 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.9 Pleos
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470 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.10 Lewi
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472 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Table 17.2. S
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474 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.13 Bipo
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476 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.15 Toxi
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478 LOCULOASCOMYCETES is commonly f
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480 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.18 Spor
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482 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.19 Myco
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484 LOCULOASCOMYCETES incompatible
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486 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.24 Clad
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488 BASIDIOMYCOTA (Figs. 18.1d,e).
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490 BASIDIOMYCOTA wall is indeed th
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492 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.4 Life cycl
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494 BASIDIOMYCOTA dikaryotic ballis
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496 BASIDIOMYCOTA mushroom Agaricus
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498 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.9 Diagramma
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500 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.11 Diagramm
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502 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.13 Hyphal a
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504 BASIDIOMYCOTA Auricularia auric
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506 BASIDIOMYCOTA fungus Bulbillomy
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508 BASIDIOMYCOTA A 3 B 3 , A 3 B 4
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510 BASIDIOMYCOTA the small number
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512 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.21 Phylogen
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19 Homobasidiomycetes 19.1 Introduc
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Fig19.2 The eight-clade phylogeneti
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518 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES There are th
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520 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES basidiocarp
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522 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agar media,
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524 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.9 Diff
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526 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES An equally i
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528 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.11 Car
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530 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES are common o
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532 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES biotechnolog
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534 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 2 million to
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536 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Breeding of
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538 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES In culture,
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540 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES is used in a
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542 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES edible and s
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544 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.17 Sch
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546 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES in a sinuous
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548 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES growth often
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550 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agg. (Fig. 1
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552 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES to form the
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Page 1178: 556 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.21 Bas
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Page 1186: 560 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES monokaryons
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Page 1194: 564 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES of peroxidas
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Page 1214: 574 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES P. pomaceus
Page 1218: 576 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES independentl
Page 1222: 578 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES: GASTEROMYCE
Page 1228: GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
Page 1232: GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
Page 1236: GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
Page 1240: GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
Page 1244: GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
Page 1248: GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
Page 1252: 21 Heterobasidiomycetes 21.1 Introd
Page 1256: CERATOBASIDIALES 595 affected (Sneh
Page 1260: CERATOBASIDIALES 597 Fig 21.2 Rhizo
Page 1264: DACRYMYCETALES 599 Fig 21.4 Dacrymy
Page 1268: AURICULARIALES 601 of basidiospores
Page 1272: AURICULARIALES 603 Fig 21.7 Life cy
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TREMELLALES 605 conjugation of comp
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TREMELLALES 607 Fig 21.12 Life cycl
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22 Urediniomycetes: Uredinales (rus
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 611 Fig
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 613 Homo
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 619 form
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PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, THE CAUSE OF BLA
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OTHER CEREAL RUSTS 627 race charact
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PUCCINIA AND UROMYCES 629 Fig 22.13
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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MELAMPSORACEAE 635 Fig 22.15 Sectio
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THE ‘TRUE’ SMUT FUNGI (USTILAGI
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MICROBOTRYALES (UREDINIOMYCETES) 65
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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INTRODUCTION 659 Fig 24.1 Basidiomy
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 661 Tabl
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 663 Fig
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 665 wide
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 667 Fig 24.4
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 669 Fig 24.6
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USTILAGINOMYCETE YEASTS 671 Fig 24.
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25 Anamorphic fungi (nematophagous
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 675 We owe much
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 677 Fig 25.3 Ar
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 679 Fig 25.5 Da
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 681 Fig 25.7 Ne
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 683 (group 1),
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AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES (INGOLDIAN FUN
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 697 Table 25.3.
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 699 Fig 25.22 Pr
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AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 701 means of dis
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REFERENCES 703 Aist, J. R. & Israel
Page 1476:
REFERENCES 705 Arnold, D. L., Blake
Page 1480:
REFERENCES 707 Barr, D. J. S. (1987
Page 1484:
REFERENCES 709 Beakes, G. W. & Gloc
Page 1488:
REFERENCES 711 Beuchat, L. R. (1995
Page 1492:
REFERENCES 713 Bourett, T. M., Czym
Page 1496:
REFERENCES 715 Brown, J. S., Whan,
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REFERENCES 717 Callac, P. (1995). B
Page 1504:
REFERENCES 719 Castlebury, L. A., R
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REFERENCES 721 Chiu, S. W. & Moore,
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REFERENCES 723 Cooke, L. R. & Littl
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REFERENCES 725 Culvenor, C. C., Bec
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REFERENCES 727 Degousée, N., Gupta
Page 1524:
REFERENCES 729 Dissing, H. (1986).
Page 1528:
REFERENCES 731 Edgar, J. A., Frahn,
Page 1532:
REFERENCES 733 Falk, S. P., Gadoury
Page 1536:
REFERENCES 735 Foster, S. J. & Fitt
Page 1540:
REFERENCES 737 Gauger, W. L. (1975)
Page 1544:
REFERENCES 739 Haptoglossa heteromo
Page 1548:
REFERENCES 741 Griffith, J. M., Dav
Page 1552:
REFERENCES 743 Hampson, M. C. (1988
Page 1556:
REFERENCES 745 Heath, M. C. & Skala
Page 1560:
REFERENCES 747 Hohl, H. R. & Iselin
Page 1564:
REFERENCES 749 Huang, B., Li, Z. G.
Page 1568:
REFERENCES 751 Ingold, C. T. & Zobe
Page 1572:
REFERENCES 753 Jiang, J., Stephenso
Page 1576:
REFERENCES 755 Kendrick, B., ed. (1
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REFERENCES 757 Ko, W. H. (1980). Ho
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REFERENCES 759 concern: cytological
Page 1588:
REFERENCES 761 Latunde-Dada, A. O.,
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REFERENCES 763 Lingappa, B. T. (195
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REFERENCES 765 Luttrell, E. S. (198
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REFERENCES 767 Markovich, N. A. & K
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REFERENCES 769 Menge, J. A. (1984).
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REFERENCES 771 Molina, R., Trappe,
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REFERENCES 773 Moss, M. O. & Long,
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REFERENCES 775 inoperculaten Discom
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REFERENCES 777 Obermayer, W. & Poel
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REFERENCES 779 Ott, S., Meier, T. &
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REFERENCES 781 Percudani, R., Trevi
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REFERENCES 783 Pommer, E.-H. (1995)
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REFERENCES 785 Raper, J. R. (1939).
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REFERENCES 787 Reynolds, D. R. (197
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REFERENCES 789 Roncal, T., Cordobé
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REFERENCES 791 Sánchez, C. (2004).
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REFERENCES 793 K. A. Powell, A. Ren
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REFERENCES 795 Silliker, M. E., Mon
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REFERENCES 797 Solla, A. & Gil, L.
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REFERENCES 799 Stensrud, Ø., Hywel
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REFERENCES 801 Swann, E. C. & Taylo
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REFERENCES 803 Thines, E., Weber, R
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REFERENCES 805 Uchida, W., Matsunag
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REFERENCES 807 Verstrepen, K. J., D
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REFERENCES 809 Waters, H., Butler,
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REFERENCES 811 Weeks, R. J., Padhye
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REFERENCES 813 Willetts, H. J. & Bu
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REFERENCES 815 Xu, J.-T. & Mu, C. (
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Index Page numbers with images are
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INDEX 819 ascospore-delimiting memb
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INDEX 821 Candida parapsilosis 227,
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INDEX 823 Cordyceps capitata 362 Co
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INDEX 825 Erysiphe polygoni 402 Ery
Page 1720:
INDEX 827 hemicellulose 528 Hemilei
Page 1724:
INDEX 829 Leveillula taurica 407 Le
Page 1728:
INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732:
INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736:
INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740:
INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744:
INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748:
INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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