Three Roads To Quantum Gravity

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KNOTS, LINKS AND KINKS 145 If these experiments do show that space has an atomic structure on the Planck scale, it will surely be one of the most exciting discoveries of early twenty-®rst century science. By developing these new methods we may be able to look at pictures of the discrete structure of space, just as we are now able to study pictures of arrays of atoms. And if the work I have described in the last two chapters is not completely irrelevant, what we shall see are Wilson's and Polyakov's loops, organized into Penrose's spin networks.
CHAPTER 11 ............................................................................................ THE SOUND OF SPACE IS A STRING I am convinced that the hardest thing about doing science is not that it sometimes demands a certain level of skill and intelligence. Skills can be learned, and as for intelligence, none of us is really smart enough to get anywhere on our own. All of us, even the most independent, manage to carry our work through to completion because we are part of a community of committed and honest people. When we are stuck, most of us look for a way out in the work of others. When we are lost, most of us look to see what others are doing. Even then, we often get lost. Sometimes even whole groups of friends and colleagues get lost together. Consequently, the hardest thing about science is what it demands of us in terms of our ability to make the right choice in the face of incomplete information. This requires characteristics not easily measured by tests, such as intuition and a person's faith in themself. Einstein knew this, which is why he told John Wheeler, in a remark that Wheeler has often repeated, how much he admired Newton's courage and judgement in sticking with the idea of absolute space and time even though all his colleagues told him it was absurd. The idea is absurd, as Einstein knew better than anyone. But absolute space and time was what was required to make progress at the time, and to see this was perhaps Newton's greatest achievement. Einstein himself is often presented as the prime example of someone who did great things alone, without the need for a community. This myth was fostered, perhaps even deliber-
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To my parents Pauline and Michael C
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I POINTS OF DEPARTURE
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CHAPTER 2 .........................
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II WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED
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CHAPTER 7 .........................
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Page 180 and 181: THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE 171 gener
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Page 190 and 191: HOW TO WEAVE A STRING 181 thing!" I
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WHAT CHOOSES THE LAWS OF NATURE? 19
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EPILOGUE: .........................
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EPILOGUE: 209 And quantum gravity i
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EPILOGUE: 211 of systems containing
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POSTSCRIPT 213 These cosmic rays ar
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POSTSCRIPT 215 Three explanations h
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POSTSCRIPT 217 light, which is the
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POSTSCRIPT 219 This is good news in
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POSTSCRIPT 221 But there is a secon
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POSTSCRIPT 223 Chopin Soo and Marti
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POSTSCRIPT 225 speed of light with
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GLOSSARY 227 cannot be greater than
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GLOSSARY 229 event In relativity th
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GLOSSARY 231 Newton's gravitational
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GLOSSARY 233 spin The angular momen
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING ...
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 237
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 239
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INDEX .............................
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INDEX 243 black hole, 70, 73±4, 17
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INDEX 245 black hole formation, 189
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Three Roads To Quantum Gravity

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