Three Roads To Quantum Gravity

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INDEX 243 black hole, 70, 73±4, 175, 191, 213 Imperial College, 130 in®nities, 131 in¯ation, 205 information, 55±6, 103±5, 216 Institute of Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, 126 intuitionistic logic, 31 Isham, Christopher, 11, 45, 46, 130 Jacobson, Ted, 40, 126, 173 Kauffman, Louis, 129 Kauffman, Stuart, 201 Kent, Adrian, 43, 44 Kepler, Johannes, 150, 182±3 knot theory, 129, 216 Krasnov, Kirill, 191 lattice theory, 115, 118±19, 216 laws of nature, 194±206 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 20 Lewandowski, Jerzy, 191 light, 100 speed of, 218 light cone, 216 future, 58, 215 past, 58, 217 link, 216 logic, 27±32 Loll, Renate, 137, 140 loop, 116, 127, 216 loop quantum gravity, 9, 10, 25, 46, 103, 106, 132, 133, 134, 138, 142, 169, 203, 210, 216 Bekenstein bound derivation, 175 boring nature of, 179 complete formulation, 184 historical development, 107±31 problems with, 184, 185 relationship with string theory, 180±5 uni®cation with string theory, 185±93 M theory, 162±6, 196, 216 Mach, Ernst, 20 magnetic ®eld, 83, 108±10 many-worlds, 216 Margulis, Lynn, 19 Markopoulou-Kalamara, Fotini, 31, 47, 140 Maxwell, James Clerk, 100 Misner, Charles, 41 momentum, angular, 212 Montevideo, 133 Morowitz, Harold, 201 multiverse, 198±9 natural selection, 19, 200±1 nature, laws of, 194±206 Newton, Isaac, 183 gravitational constant, 217 Newtonian physics, 2, 19, 23, 42±3, 52±3, 217 non-commutative geometry, 138, 187±8, 210, 217 observers/observed, 4, 26±30, 33, 40±1, 42, 47, 70±2 and acceleration, 77±83, 86 particle physics, 121 past, 54, 217 past light cone, 58, 217 Pauli exclusion principle, 158, 217 Penn State University, 133 Penrose, Roger, 11, 134, 135, 138, 210 perturbation theory, 152, 217 Peskin, Michael, 118 philosophy, 8 phonons, 151 photons, 100, 143±5, 150 physical theories, 3±4 Planck, Max, 100 Planck scale, 9, 62, 169±70, 217 Planck units, 217 length, 62, 185±6 mass, 157 temperature, 63 time, 62 Planck's constant, 100, 217 planetary orbits, 150, 182 Plato, 72 points, 22
244 THREE ROADS TO QUANTUM GRAVITY Polyakov, Alexander, 117±18 position vector, 187 processes, 51±2, 177 Pullin, Jorge, 133 quantum, 100 quantum black hole, 100±2, 188±9 quantum chromodynamics, 111±13, 115±18, 217 quantum constraints, see Wheeler±DeWitt equations quantum cosmology, 34±48, 217 quantum electrodynamics, 151±2, 218 quantum ¯uctuations, 83 quantum gravity, 5, 8±11, 218 experimental evidence, 8 quantum state, 35±8, 218 quantum theory, 3, 4, 25, 33±40, 46, 83, 100, 150±1, 210±11, 218 relational, 47, 218 wave±particle duality, 100, 220 quarks, 110±13, 116, 218 radioactive decay, 156 randomness, 83±6 real numbers, 218 Rees, Martin, 198, 199 re¯exivity, 32 Reisenberger, Mike, 139 relational approach, 20, 22, 96, 120±1, 218 relational quantum theory, 47, 218 relational universe, 53 relative state interpretation, 42, 43 relativity, 218 general, 3, 4, 20, 21, 23, 24±5, 57, 59, 120±1, 139, 215 religion, 197 renormalization, 156 Rentlen, Paul, 126 Rovelli, Carlo, 40, 46, 47, 129±31, 132, 135, 140, 191 Schrieffer, John, 108 Schwartzman, Madeline, 69 Schwinger, Julian, 151 science, 3 Screen, The, 171±7 self-organization, 201±5 Sen, Amitaba, 40, 125, 187 Shenker, Stephen, 118 singularities, 192 Smolin, Lee, 6, 10, 40, 115, 116±17, 118, 119, 121±4, 126±33, 135±7, 191 acting career, 69 papers, 118±19, 121±2 Soma Sema, 69 Sorkin, Raphael, 11 Soros, George, 32 sound waves, 150±1 space, 18±23, 202±6 absolute, 19, 212 as a colour-electric superconductor, 112 continuous, 214 continuum, 214 dimension compacti®cation, 160 discreteness, 95±6, 104, 117, 143, 145, 163±6, 169±70, 214 as a lattice, 115 points in, 22 quantized, 106±7 relational view, 20 spacetime, 218 foam, 139 fractal, 124 geometry, 59 speed of light, 218 spin, 219 spin foam, 139±40 spin networks, 134±9, 172, 219 evolving, 139±40 spontaneous symmetry breaking, 219 Stachel, John, 121 states, 35±8, 52±3, 219 statistical mechanics, 98 stories, 49±52, 54, 56 string, 219 string bits, 164, 169 string length, 185 string theory, 9, 103, 107, 113, 122±3, 138, 149±66, 169, 179±80, 195, 210, 219
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“It would be hard to imagine a be
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To my parents Pauline and Michael C
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CHAPTER 2 .........................
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II WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED
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CHAPTER 11 ........................
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CHAPTER 12 ........................
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THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE 171 gener
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THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE 173 FIGUR
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CHAPTER 13 ........................
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HOW TO WEAVE A STRING 181 thing!" I
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HOW TO WEAVE A STRING 185 What is r
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HOW TO WEAVE A STRING 187 for a pic
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HOW TO WEAVE A STRING 189 in Einste
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Page 216 and 217: EPILOGUE: .........................
Page 218 and 219: EPILOGUE: 209 And quantum gravity i
Page 220 and 221: EPILOGUE: 211 of systems containing
Page 222 and 223: POSTSCRIPT 213 These cosmic rays ar
Page 224 and 225: POSTSCRIPT 215 Three explanations h
Page 226 and 227: POSTSCRIPT 217 light, which is the
Page 228 and 229: POSTSCRIPT 219 This is good news in
Page 230 and 231: POSTSCRIPT 221 But there is a secon
Page 232 and 233: POSTSCRIPT 223 Chopin Soo and Marti
Page 234 and 235: POSTSCRIPT 225 speed of light with
Page 236 and 237: GLOSSARY 227 cannot be greater than
Page 238 and 239: GLOSSARY 229 event In relativity th
Page 240 and 241: GLOSSARY 231 Newton's gravitational
Page 242 and 243: GLOSSARY 233 spin The angular momen
Page 244 and 245: SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING ...
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Page 248 and 249: SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 239
Page 250 and 251: INDEX .............................
Page 254 and 255: INDEX 245 black hole formation, 189
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Three Roads To Quantum Gravity

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