Chapter 3 Decision Support Model (IUWS-DSM) - Tubdok

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2.1.4.1 water quality Chapter 2 · New Conception 13 Due to the attributes and purposes, three sorts of water are classified, i.e. Raw Water, Desired Water and Used Water. Raw water refers to the water directly comes from the nature, such as surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. As mentioned above, used water is used to substitute for the conventional term “wastewater”, involving different types of urban sewage. Desired water has the quality that satisfies the requirements of the end uses. As an example, potable water is one type of desired water. Three sorts of water have certain types of quality that can be converted to each other through either treatments or uses. The relationships between water qualities are depicted in Figure 7. Relationships between Different Types of Water Quality RAW water quality supply water discharge water uses recover treatment supply DESIRED water quality natural water body treatment treatment USED water quality Figure 7: Relationship between different types of water quality Raw water quality. It is for describing the fresh water, which helps to determine whether the source water is suitable for the urban use purposes, as well as to determine the proper treatment methods. Groundwater and surface water are the most common water sources, so their quality standards and regulations are well established in many countries and regions. In brief, the raw water quality is usually categorised into several levels based on certain critical parameters. The local standards and regulations have to be obeyed during the water source selection. As another type of raw water, rainwater usually has very good quality before rain reaches the ground. The human beings’ activities cause the environmental pollution and subsequently, deteriorate the rainwater quality, e.g. acid rain. After rain falls onto ground, the substances or pollutants on the ground dissolve into the rainwater, which results in the pollution of rainwater. Different places contain different kinds of substances, so the rainwater quality is quite depending on its collection places. Normally two streams of rainwater are distinguished, i.e. Surface Runoff that is collected on the ground, and Roof-water that is gathered from building roofs. Some measurements of rainwater quality are given in Table 1 as the examples, which are based on the summation from Australian literature. For making the comparison, the effluent quality after secondary treatment is also listed on the right side in Table 1. Obviously, the rainfall in areas with limited air pollutants is very clean. Roof-water has also quite good quality but with the high content of coliforms, which is mostly because of birds’ excrement on roofs. Surface runoff is even worse because of various pollutants on the ground in cities.
14 New Conception and Decision Support Model for IUWS Table 1: Rainwater quality in different streams (with secondary treated sewage for comparison) parameter unit rainfall roof- water suspended solids (SS) ground runoff mg/L 0 - 8,4 0,75 - 204 250 (13 – 1.620) BOD5 mg/L NA NA 15 (7 – 40) secondary sewage Lead mg/L
Page 2 and 3: New Conception and Decision Support
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgements By this chance, I
Page 6 and 7: Contents Indices I TABLES .........
Page 8 and 9: Indices III 3.6 Realisation Method
Page 10 and 11: Indices V Table 32: Sheet of averag
Page 12 and 13: Indices VII Figure 31: Cost estimat
Page 14 and 15: Definitions term definition & expla
Page 16: Abstract Indices XI Traditionally,
Page 19 and 20: 2 New Conception and Decision Suppo
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 New Conception Chapter 2
Page 28 and 29: Composition of Modern Urban Water S
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Page 36 and 37: Classifcation of Urban Water Treatm
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Page 48 and 49: General Priority of Water Sources C
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Appendix.Figure 8: 3-D map of the c
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WUU WUC type area [ha] popul. [capi
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Appendix.Table 14: Water demands an
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unit: m 3 /d demand : current deman
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Appendix.Table 16: Used water amoun
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Appendix.Table 17: Determination of
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Chapter 3 Decision Support Model (IUWS-DSM) - Tubdok

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