Chapter 3 Decision Support Model (IUWS-DSM) - Tubdok

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Chapter 3 · Decision Support Model (IUWS-DSM) 73 The first case is corresponding to the classification of treatment processes (Figure 9) in the IUWS-DSM, so it is highly recommended. In the second case, the cost functions have the highest accuracy but require tremendous work. The third case requires less statistical data, which can cut down the work significantly. Depending on the availability of cost functions and actual requirements of projects, the model users choose the proper types of cost functions. The empirical cost functions require a large amount of raw data in order to represent the universality. Therefore, gathering the data and publishing the cost functions are generally implemented by public authorities, official institutes or concerned agencies. According to the English literature review, most available cost functions of municipal water projects come from USA, which has been extensively developed since 1970s. As to conveying system, its cost estimation is similar to on-site constructed plants, except that the cost functions can also be generated for each construction step (e.g. Clark et al., 2002), whereby the higher accuracy can be reached. Moreover, as the costs of pipes are directly related to the diameters, which may not be properly expressed by the continuous functions, certain cost sheet can be built up (an example in Table 32). Mostly the cost functions calculate the values of the year that the functions are generated. There are variations and fluctuations of costs along time and places. Cost indices can compensate those variations by using Eq. (5). Generally, construction cost index (CCI) is used for adjusting the costs of construction, where producer price index (PPI) can be used for O&M costs. These cost indices are usually available in local or national authorities. Cost Current Year = Cost BaseYear Index ⋅ Index Current Year BaseYear ( Sethi where: CostCurrentYear – cost of current year, local currency & Clark, 1998) CostBaseYear – cost calculated by the cost function, local currency IndexCurrentYear – Index of current year, - IndexCurrentYear – index of the year that the cost function is generated, - In general, cost estimation methods for urban water infrastructure are summarised and structured in Figure 31, which provides the holistic view of cost estimation, as well as the procedure of determining the proper methods. The cost functions can be in different mathematical forms. Eq. (6) is the common form involving multi-variables, and each variable represents one influential parameter. b 1 c 2 Cost = a ⋅ X ⋅ X ⋅... ⋅ X r n where: Cost – average cost, local currency ( Clark & Dorsey 1982) X1, X2,…Xn – variables influencing costs, unit is various a, b, c,…,r – coefficient, - (estimated using regression techniques) If only one influential parameter is considered, the Eq. (7) or Eq. (8) is commonly used. ( 5) ( 6)
74 New Conception and Decision Support Model for IUWS Cost = a ⋅ X or b Cost = a ⋅ X + b ⋅ X + c 2 where: Cost – average cost, local currency X. – variable influencing costs, e.g. flowrate or diameter, etc. a, b, c, – coefficient, - (estimated using regression techniques) All function forms are widely used. Different regression techniques are used in order to estimate the coefficients, and the common methods are non-linear analysis (Ong 1988) or fuzzy analysis (Wen and Lee, 1999), etc. Cost Estimation Methods for Urban Water Infrastructure Intake & Treatment package plant on-site construction Conveying System Urban Water Infrastructure Cost Estimation Outcome major structures appurtenance / others pump stations appurtenance / others pipes & canals Abbreviations: tech. – technique calcul. – calculation Legend: intake facilities pipe system retrofitting possible alternative treatment as STEPS as the entire plant suggeste by IUWS-DSM treatment as Trains / Tech. determine system scale method 1: statistic data method 2: actual calcul. construction cost information from manufacturers specification specification method 1: functions by statistical data cost function cost function cost function coefficient method 2: classic economics calcul. coefficients by statistical data operation & maintenance lumped cost function actual calcul. actual calcul. coefficient coefficient cascade costs by statistical data cost based on diameter cost based on diameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Figure 31: Cost estimation methods for urban water infrastructure Present Value (P0) Future Value (Fn) Annual Value (A) ( 7) ( 8)
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New Conception and Decision Support
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Acknowledgements By this chance, I
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Contents Indices I TABLES .........
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Indices III 3.6 Realisation Method
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Indices V Table 32: Sheet of averag
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Indices VII Figure 31: Cost estimat
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Definitions term definition & expla
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Abstract Indices XI Traditionally,
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2 New Conception and Decision Suppo
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Chapter 2 New Conception Chapter 2
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Composition of Modern Urban Water S
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2.1.4.1 water quality Chapter 2 ·
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Chapter 2 · New Conception 15 Aust
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Chapter 2 · New Conception 17 sepa
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Classifcation of Urban Water Treatm
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Chapter 2 · New Conception 21 Thre
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WUU WUC type area [ha] popul. [capi
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Appendix.Table 14: Water demands an
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unit: m 3 /d demand : current deman
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Appendix.Table 16: Used water amoun
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Appendix.Table 17: Determination of
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Chapter 3 Decision Support Model (IUWS-DSM) - Tubdok

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