U.S. Senate Response (continued)• To use common principles <strong>of</strong> analysis for determining theneed <strong>of</strong> students for that aid• To use a common application form for institutional aid• To exchange certain financial data through an independentthird party before the award <strong>of</strong> institutional aid<strong>Cornell</strong> and other Section 568 institutions have jointly developedthe Consensus Approach methodology that is applied withinreasonable variation within the group. (http://www.568group.org/methodology/index.html) The Consensus Approach is derived fromthe College Board’s Institutional Methodology. (http://pr<strong>of</strong>essionals.collegeboard.com/higher-ed/financial-aid/im)The InstitutionalMethodology is the result <strong>of</strong> over 50 years <strong>of</strong> analysis, review, revision,and formulation by the financial aid members <strong>of</strong> the CollegeBoard. As noted by the 568 Presidents’ Group:The Consensus Approach consists <strong>of</strong> a set <strong>of</strong> common standardsfor determining the family’s ability to pay for college. Itseeks to eliminate much <strong>of</strong> the variance in need analysis resultsthat has been experienced in recent years. The participatinginstitutions believe that the Consensus Approach, when appliedin a consistent manner, serves to diminish or eliminatethe divergent results that threaten the long-standing tradition<strong>of</strong> awarding aid on the basis <strong>of</strong> need.Once the net financial need <strong>of</strong> the student has been calculated(“net” being defined as cost <strong>of</strong> attendance less the resourcesthat families and externalities can be expected to pay), <strong>Cornell</strong>uses a mix <strong>of</strong> university grant, loan, and work/study opportunitiesto fund that need. This mix is not awarded uniformly,however, as <strong>Cornell</strong> has goals that it is trying to achieve, suchas increasing the number <strong>of</strong> low-income students and underrepresentedminorities. Currently, the university reduces thelevel <strong>of</strong> loans (and increases the corresponding amount <strong>of</strong>grant aid) for families with incomes below $25,000. Beginningin 2008-09 and coming to full fruition in 2009-10,<strong>Cornell</strong> will eliminate need-based loans for all undergraduatesfrom families with incomes under $75,000, making it possiblefor new students to graduate debt-free. <strong>Cornell</strong> will alsocap annual loans at $3,000 for students from families withincomes between $75,000 and $120,000. The details <strong>of</strong> thisare explained in a press release dated January 31, 2008. (http://press<strong>of</strong>fice.cornell.edu/Jan08/fin.aid.endowment.shtml)Reference: A more thorough discussion <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cornell</strong>’s financialaidhistory prior to the most recent initiativenoted above can be found in an article publishedin May 2005. (http://www.dpb.cornell.edu/documents/1000030.pdf)3b) How do you inform students and parents <strong>of</strong> that policy?Response:<strong>Cornell</strong> interacts with prospective students and their familiesin a variety <strong>of</strong> ways. The university’s approach to admissionsand financial aid is featured in its website for prospectivestudents. (http://www.cornell.edu/admissions/) The policy isstated clearly (http://finaid.cornell.edu/Prospective/Policy.htm),links are provided to the College Board website and othersites that will be <strong>of</strong> use to a prospective student (http://finaid.cornell.edu/Shared/Links.htm), and an FAQ page (http://finaid.cornell.edu/Shared/FAQ2007.htm) provides answers in simplelanguage. Similar information is provided in brochures andother print materials (such as <strong>Cornell</strong>’s “view book” and aseparate booklet devoted to financial aid) and at numerousone-on-one and group information sessions. The view book isdistributed to over 100,000 first-time freshman prospects andan additional 40,000 copies are given to transfer prospectsand others interested in <strong>Cornell</strong>. Changes in <strong>Cornell</strong>’s admissionsand financial-aid policies are featured in universitypress releases, The <strong>Cornell</strong> Chronicle (a weekly publication <strong>of</strong>the university), The <strong>Cornell</strong> Daily Sun (a daily, independent,student-run newspaper), and the local and regional press.3c) What outreach efforts does your university take torecruit potential low-income students?Response:Since <strong>Cornell</strong> has a need-blind admissions policy, the universitydoes not recruit students by income specifically, butit does have outreach efforts that target students who attendeconomically disadvantaged high schools. <strong>Cornell</strong> partnerswith community-based organizations (such as Prep For Prep,ABC [A Better Chance], Washington Metro Scholars, andVenture Scholars, among others). These organizations all workwith students who attend economically disadvantaged highschools or who live in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods.The university’s outreach includes bringing prospectivestudents to campus for day and overnight visits, hostingworkshops on admissions and financial aid, and conductinginformation sessions for parents. <strong>University</strong> staff membersalso visit high schools in low-income areas and work withcounselors and students to introduce them to <strong>Cornell</strong>.3d) How is low-income defined? What is the amount spenton these efforts?Response:While <strong>Cornell</strong> provides financial assistance to all studentswho demonstrate a financial need and therefore does not focussolely on “low income” students, the university’s recentlyannounced initiative to reduce and eliminate loan burdensfor some students beginning in 2008-09 provides a surrogatefor defining an important income cut<strong>of</strong>f: families earning$75,000 or less. This value was chosen as it represents, approximately,the U.S. median family income <strong>of</strong> families in the45- to 54-age range (the age span statistically most likely tohave college-age eligible children)—in essence the lower half<strong>of</strong> the income spectrum. <strong>Cornell</strong>’s initiative goes beyond that78
U.S. Senate Response (continued)income threshold, however, in also reducing the loan burden<strong>of</strong> families earning between $75,000 and $120,000. <strong>Cornell</strong>included this additional component in its initiative becausethe university, as noted by <strong>Cornell</strong> Provost Carolyn A. Martin,believes that it is critical that all students “…excel at theiracademic work and consider a range <strong>of</strong> careers without theworry <strong>of</strong> excessive debt at graduation.”Of the $109.9 million in grant aid that <strong>Cornell</strong> expects tospend on undergraduate financial aid in 2007-08 from institutionalresources, the university estimates that $62.5 millionin grant aid will go to families at the $75,000 or less incomelevel. When <strong>Cornell</strong>’s newly announced initiative takes fulleffect in 2009-10, the institution expects to provide a total <strong>of</strong>approximately $76.7 million (in 2007-08 dollars) in grant aidfor this population.4a) Who determines and decides when tuition increasesare necessary?Response:Ultimately, the university’s president recommends tuitionincreases and decreases to <strong>Cornell</strong>’s Board <strong>of</strong> Trustees, whichhas the authority to make such decisions. The university’sprovost and her staff provide the analysis and supportingdocumentation on which the president’s recommendation isbased. In developing proposals, the provost reviews a range<strong>of</strong> scenarios with the Provost’s <strong>Budget</strong> <strong>Plan</strong>ning AdvisoryGroup. (See answer to question 4b below.)Reference: See the <strong>Cornell</strong> <strong>University</strong> Bylaws, Article XXIII, §2.(http://www.cornell.edu/trustees/cornell_bylaws.pdf )4b) What is the process for making this decision?Response:Tuition setting is done in the context <strong>of</strong> developing <strong>Cornell</strong>’soverall annual financial plan as well as its multi-year,long-range operating and capital plans. The planning processinvolves discussions <strong>of</strong> a wide range <strong>of</strong> revenue and expensecategories, including tuition, fees, room and board rates,gift revenues, endowment payout, support from grants andcontracts, compensation costs, financial aid, capital and debtserviceexpenses, maintenance and utility costs, and generaloperating expenses, among others. Individuals at all levels<strong>of</strong> the institution are involved, including deans, provosts,and vice presidents. <strong>Plan</strong>ning assumptions are also reviewedwith representative bodies <strong>of</strong> the faculty, students, and staff.Several trustee committees review these plans as they develop,prior to the final adoption <strong>of</strong> a financial plan. Undergraduatetuition rates are formally reviewed by the Provost’s <strong>Budget</strong><strong>Plan</strong>ning Advisory Group, which prepares recommendationsfor the president to take to the Board <strong>of</strong> Trustees. Thisgroup is composed <strong>of</strong> the provost, the executive vice presidentfor finance and administration, the deputy provost, thevice president for student and academic services, the vicepresident for planning and budget, and the deans <strong>of</strong> the twolargest undergraduate colleges.<strong>Cornell</strong> also consults with the trustees <strong>of</strong> the State <strong>University</strong><strong>of</strong> New York concerning the tuition levels <strong>of</strong> the four stateassistedcolleges at <strong>Cornell</strong>, three <strong>of</strong> which enroll undergraduatestudents.Setting <strong>Cornell</strong>’s multiple tuition rates requires the universityto balance the need to fund the institution’s core academicprograms and the ability <strong>of</strong> students and their families to accommodaterate changes. <strong>Cornell</strong>’s financial-aid policy serves tobuffer low-income families from the deleterious effects <strong>of</strong> tuitioninflation by adjusting grant aid upward based on cost increases.4c) Does the full Board <strong>of</strong> Trustees vote on tuition increases?Response:Yes.4d) Are students, parents and the public provided anopportunity to comment on tuition increases prior t<strong>of</strong>inal decisions being made?Response:As a private institution, <strong>Cornell</strong> does not have a “publiccomment” review as part <strong>of</strong> its tuition-setting process. Twostudent-elected members, however, sit on the <strong>Cornell</strong> Board<strong>of</strong> Trustees. These students serve as full-functioning trusteesand vote on all tuition changes, among other duties.Reference: See the <strong>Cornell</strong> <strong>University</strong> Bylaws, Article II,§2.4.c. (http://www.cornell.edu/trustees/cornell_bylaws.pdf)4e) What role does your university endowment play inproviding financial assistance to students?Response:Of the $109.9 million in grant aid that <strong>Cornell</strong> expects tospend on undergraduate financial aid in 2007-08, $28.1 million,or 25.6%, will come from endowment payout. <strong>Cornell</strong>’srecently announced fund-raising initiative, Far Above… TheCampaign for <strong>Cornell</strong>, seeks to increase financial-aid endowmentprincipal by $225 million, which will augment this by$11.3 million annually.5a) Please explain how your university’s endowment ismanaged and the role <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Directors?Response:<strong>Cornell</strong>’s <strong>University</strong> Investment Office is charged withmanaging endowment and other invested assets. As providedfor in <strong>Cornell</strong>’s bylaws (Article III, §5), the Investment Committee,a standing committee <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cornell</strong>’s Board <strong>of</strong> Trustees,79
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