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Globalization and Human CapitalTable (6-1)Distribution of Employed Persons by Sectors (15 years and More)Sectors1976000.s %1986000.s %1996000.s %Average rate of growth%1976-86 1986-96Government1.78617.672.54522.364.37428.023.615.56Public Enterprises9649.541.28711.318765.622.93-3.77Private Enterprises7.35572.787.53766.2010.33666.210.243.21Foreign Enterprises0—100.10230.15—8.23Unclassified0—40.040.00—-37.89Total10.106100.0011.385100.0015.611100.001.203.21Urbann.a—5.44647.847.21446.21—2.85Ruraln.a—5.93952.168.39753.79—3.52Malen.a—10.34390.8513.52686.64—2.72Femalen.a—1.0419.152.08513.36—7.19● In terms of the relative importance ofpersons employed in the privatesector, this decreased from 72.8 percent in 1976 to 66.2 per cent in 1986,remaining at the same level in 1996. Ithad been expected to increase betweenthe last two census years due toprivatization and the lead given to theprivate sector.● Foreign enterprises continued,between 1986 and 1996, to contributelittle to employment (0.1 per cent and0.15 per cent respectively), althoughthis contribution was expected to behigher in response to the incentivesprovided to such enterprises.● As expected, persons employed inpublic enterprises decreased from 11.3per cent in 1986 to 5.6 per cent in1996.In spite of fears that privatization would bebiased against female employment, therelative share of females in total employedpersons increased from 9.5 per cent in 1986to 13.4 per cent in 1996.(5) The structure of demand for labor by differentoccupation showed some importantchanges over the three censuses.Most of these changes coincide with thetransition to a privatized market economy,although they do not reflect significantchanges in the technological level ofthe national economy. Accordingly, table(6.2) shows that:In spite of fears thatprivatization would bebiased against femaleemployment, therelative share offemales in totalemployed personsincreased from 9.5 percent in 1986 to 13.4per cent in 1996.Table (6-2)Distribution of Employed Persons by Skills (15 years and More)Occupation1976000.s %1986000.s %1996000.s %Average rate of growth%1976-86 1986-96Professionals, Scientists& ManagersClerical Workers & LikeSales & Services WorkersWorkers in Agriculture& FisheriesProduction Workers & LikeUnclassifiledTotalUrbanRuralMaleFemale8267001.4424.0332.0525579.613n.an.a8.9156988.607.2915.0141.9521.355.80100.00——92.747.261.5889981.4284.3022.76929911.3855.4465.93910.3431.04113.958.7712.5437.792.76929911.3855.4465.93910.3431.0414.3701.1231.4564.6763.86012515.6117.2148.39713.5262.08528.007.209.3330.0024.730.80100.0046.2153.7986.6413.366.743.61-0.100.653.04-6.041.71——1.504.0810.651.180.190.843.38-8.343.212.853.522.727.19Egypt Human Development Report 2000/2001 - 97
Globalization and Human CapitalOne of the importantchanges in theEgyptian labormarket, especiallyunder the ERSAP, isthe decrease in realwages● The share of professionals, scientistsand managers in total employedpersons increased from 8.6 per cent toabout 14 per cent and to 28 per centrespectively,● Clerical workers and the like increasedfrom 7.3 per cent to 8.8 per cent, andthen decreased to 7.2 per cent,● Sales and services workers decreasedfrom 15 per cent to 12.5 per cent andto 9.3 per cent,● Workers in agriculture and fisheriesdecreased from 42 per cent to 37.8 percent, and then to 30 per cent,● Production workers and the likeincreased from 21.4 per cent to 24.3per cent and then to 24.7 per cent.The Real Wage LevelOne of the important changes in theEgyptian labor market, especially under theERSAP, is the decrease in real wages after along period of increase between the mid1970s and the mid 1980s as an outcome ofthe impact of the oil boom. Data shown inTable (6.3) reveals that real wage rates in alleconomic activities during the mid 1990shardly exceeded two-thirds of their level inthe mid 1980s. It can be also observed thatthe deterioration in the level of real wagesTable (6-3)Trends in Average Nominal and Real Wages by Sectors and Economic Activity, 1987-1996Agriculture andFisheriesMining andQuarryingManufacturingElectricity,Gas and WaterConstructioTrade andHotelsTransportand StorageFinance,Insurance andBus. Serv.Soc. andpers. Serv.AllActivitiesEconomicActivitiesSectorsPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTPuPrTN27172549645938373830333040464034363434493638112493931333742381987R25.115.823.345.659.654.935.434.535.427.930.727.937.242.837.231.733.531.731.745.633.535.4104.345.636.328.930.734.539.135.4N5651541092491657972776495658514488846677831238895210120626363818482R17.816.317.234.779.352.625.222.924.520.430.320.727.145.928.026.821.024.526.539.228.030.366.938.219.820.120.125.826.826.1Notes: (1) Pu=Public, Pr=Private, T = Total, N=Nominal, R = Real.(2) Real Wages are calculated using Urban CPI for year 1986 = 100; National Bank, Economic Bulletin, vol.51, No. 3, 1998.(3) Public Sector includes Public Enterprises.(4) Private Sector: Etablishments using 10 workers or more.(5) In 1996 the classification of Economi Activities is different in CAPMAS data from previous years. In thatyear the data are more detailed for Agriculture, Trade, Finances, Social and Personal Services. For thepurpose of accurate comparison, we calculated the average nominal wage in each of the four activities asan average of the sub-activities in that year.19941996 % of change 1987-1996N R N R74596412927818110276938811988100931001068283111119112107230170738894103919919.815.817.134.574.348.427.320.324.923.531.823.526.724.926.728.321.922.229.731.829.928.661.545.419.523.525.127.524.326.5174.1247.1156.0163.3334.4206.8168.4105.4144.7193.3260.6193.3150.0102.2150.0211.8127.8144.1226.5142.9211.1181.6105.4246.987.2183.9184.8178.4116.7160.5-21.10.0-26.6-24.324.6-11.8-22.9-41.2-29.7-15.83.6-15.8-28.2-41.8-28.2-10.7-34.6-30.0-6.3-30.2-10.7-19.2-41.0-0.4-46.3-18.7-18.2-20.3-37.9-25.198 -Egypt Human Development Report 2000/2001
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The Digital Divide is a problem tha
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This report is the major output of
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AcknowledgementsThe Team of the Rep
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
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Energy Consumption 68Agriculture 69
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2.4 Health and Education 332.5 Poli
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AbbreviationsADNAADPAIAPRARCB2CBABC
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Executive SummaryI - Globalization
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Executive Summarythe main source of
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Executive Summaryfertilizers, pesti
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Executive Summarythe Egyptian labor
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Chapter OneGlobalization and Human
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Globalization and Human Development
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Chapter TwoThe Economic Well Being
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The Economic Well Being of Egyptian
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Globalization Challenges to Egypt
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Globalization Challenges to Egypt
Page 62 and 63: Globalization Challenges to Egypt
Page 80 and 81: The Environment and Sustainable Dev
Page 88: The Environment and Sustainable Dev
Page 93 and 94: Chapter FiveEgypt’s Position inTe
Page 95 and 96: Egypt’s Position in Technology an
Page 109 and 110: Chapter SixGlobalization and Human
Page 111: Globalization and Human CapitalOf t
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Page 119 and 120: Chapter SevenEgypt’s Social Capit
Page 121 and 122: Egypt’s Social Capital and Arab E
Page 131 and 132: Technical Notesand Sources of DataH
Page 133 and 134: Technical Notes and Sources of Data
Page 139 and 140: Bibliography◆ Abdallah, H. (1996)
Page 141 and 142: BibliographyOECD Development Centre
Page 143 and 144: BibliographyNational policies in a
Page 145 and 146: Bibliography◆ Springborg,Robert (
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Governorate IndicatorsG.2 Profile o
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Governorate IndicatorsG.4 Trends in
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Governorate IndicatorsG.6 Status of
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Governorate IndicatorsG.8 Rural-urb
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Governorate IndicatorsG.10 Health p
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Governorate IndicatorsG.12 Educatio
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Governorate IndicatorsG.14 Labor fo
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Governorate IndicatorsG.16 Income d
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Governorate IndicatorsG.18 Demograp
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