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The Economic Well Being of Egyptians in a Globalized WorldTable (2-2)Egypt Quality of LifeIndex1980Under-5 mortality rate (per 1000)Urban population (% of total)Life expectancy at birth FMCarbon dioxide emission(metric tons per capita)Access to sanitation in urbanAreas (% of urban pop. 1995-95)175441.41998594568651.7of carbon dioxide emission and increasingthe percentage of urban population withaccess to sanitation.This sketchy evidence shows that thegeneral indicators of human developmentand QOL, although slightly improving, didnot significantly change in the 1990scompared to the 1980s. This reflects the factthat while Egypt did not capture theopportunities for growth, it did not sufferfrom the volatilities and insecuritiesexperienced in other countries. It seems thatfor Egypt to benefit from globalization itshould achieve rapid sustainable growthwith equity.Typology of HD in the Governoratesof EgyptIt is clear from the above analysis thathigh levels of human developmentpromote economic growth, which in turncan promote human development.20Conversely, weak human development islikely to result in low growth, furtherundermining the prospect of future humandevelopmentThis means that an economy may be on amutually reinforcing upward, or downward,spiral resulting from the links between HDand economic growth. The strength of theselinks influences the extent of mutualreinforcement between HD and EG.Community performance can therefore beusefully classified into four categories:virtuous; vicious; and two types oflopsidedness, strong HD/weak growth(called HD-lopsided); and weak HD/ strongEG (called EG-lopsided). In the virtuouscycle case, good HD enhances growth,which in turn promotes HD, and so on. Inthe vicious cycle case, poor performance onHD tends to lead to poor growthperformance which in turn depresses HDachievements, and so on. The stronger thelinkages in the two relations describedabove the more pronounced is theinterdependence between economic growthand HD, either in a mutually reinforcing orin a dampening direction. Where linkagesare weak, cases of lopsided developmentmay occur. On the one hand, high economicgrowth may not bring about good HD, if, forexample, there are such weak linkages as alow social expenditure ratio; on the otherhand, good HD performance may notgenerate good EG if increases in educationlevel are not translated into increases inproductivity and opportunities foremployment. Such cases of lopsideddevelopment are unlikely to persist. EitherAn economy may beon a mutuallyreinforcing upward,or downward, spiralresulting from thelinks between HD andeconomic growth.Box (2.4)Health and EducationIt is generally recognized that increasedspending on education and healthcontributes towards higher GDP growthrates. Government average annual spendingon education as a percentage of GDP rosefrom 3.8 per cent for 1987-90 to 4.34 percent for 91/92-93/94 and 5.37 per cent for1994-1997. Similarly, government averagespending on health for the same periods wassuccessively 1.54 per cent, 1.69 per cent and1.64 per cent. The rise in spending on healthand education was unfortunately associatedwith a lower GDP rate of growth. Theexplanation might reside in the government’sconcern for the number of beneficiaries ratherthan the quality of these social services.Greater attention should be given in thesesectors to the allocation of investment toproductive endeavors focusing directly onimproving services rather than to buildings,which do not benefit these services in theshort-term.Egypt Human Development Report 2000/2001 - 33
The Economic Well Being of Egyptians in a Globalized WorldFALL86 -90FALL90-95Figure 2.1 : Distribution of Governorates According toShortfall of BHDI and Growth (1986-1990)50403020100-10GDP86 -9010080604020GizaMenufia0Dakahlia0-60 -40GDP90-95-20BeheraCairo10GizaIsmailiaMenufiaBehera0PortSaidCairo20Suez20PortSaid40DakahliaFigure 2.2 : Distribution of Governorates According toShortfall of BHDI and Growth (1990-1995)GizaCairoMenufia Ismailia DakahliaSuezDakahliaBehera IsmailiaMenufiaBeheraCairoPortSaid3060SuezFigure 2.3 : Changes in the Relative Position of VariousGovernorates (1986-1990 and 1990-1995)100806040200-60-40-200PortSaid204060Suez8011008040100FALL86-90GDP 86-90FALL90-95GDP90-95the weak partner in the cycle eventually actsas a brake on the other partner, leading to avicious cycle case, or, if the linkages arestrengthened, possibly by policy change, avirtuous cycle case results.Estimations show strong and weak linksbetween changes in economic growth andimprovements in HD across governoratesand the movement of governorates from onecategory to another through the periods1986-1990 and 1990-1996. One way ofclassifying governorates into the fourcategories is to compare their performanceon HD and EG with the averageperformance of all Egypt. Figures (2.1) and(2.2) present this classification successivelyfor 1986-1990 and for 1990-1996 for allgovernorates in Egypt. The vertical andhorizontal axes represent the averageperformance for the period. In 1990-1996,for example, most governorates in UpperEgypt appear as experiencing a viciouscircle (SW quadrant), except Giza, Qenaand Aswan. A strong regional patternemerges, with Urban Governorates and theBorders featuring in the virtuous cyclecategory. Four of the Lower Egyptgovernorates (Damietta, Sharkia, Gharbiaand Menufia) are represented in the HDlopsidedquadrant. In the EG-lopsidedcategory there is one governorate in LowerEgypt (Behera) and two in Upper Egypt(Qena and Aswan). The remaining sevengovernorates are trapped in a vicious circleof low economic growth and lagging humandevelopment. Five of the eight governoratesin Upper Egypt fall into this disadvantagedcategory.Taking the movements of governorates overthe two periods, 1986-1990 and 1990-1996(see Table (2-3) and Figure (2.3)). Itappears that out of the governorates in thevicious cycle category in 1986-1990, fiveremained in that category throughout theperiod 1990-95. All of them are in UpperEgypt, which started with very low levels ofHD, handicapping their growth potential.Their low growth rates prevented them fromgenerating the resources necessary forimprovements in HD. One governorate(Behera) moved from vicious cycle toEG-lopsided. Two governorates (Sharkiaand Menufia) moved from vicious toHD-lopsided. Three governorates (Alexandria,Qaliubia and Giza) moved from vicious tovirtuous. Two governorates (Cairo andBorder) moved from HD-lopsided into thevirtuous category. It should be noted thatthe 1996 Human Development Reportargued that: “Lopsided development can34 -Egypt Human Development Report 2000/2001
Page 2 and 3: The Digital Divide is a problem tha
Page 4 and 5: This report is the major output of
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsThe Team of the Rep
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
Page 10 and 11: Energy Consumption 68Agriculture 69
Page 12 and 13: 2.4 Health and Education 332.5 Poli
Page 14 and 15: AbbreviationsADNAADPAIAPRARCB2CBABC
Page 16 and 17: Executive SummaryI - Globalization
Page 18 and 19: Executive Summarythe main source of
Page 20 and 21: Executive Summaryfertilizers, pesti
Page 22 and 23: Executive Summarythe Egyptian labor
Page 24 and 25: Chapter OneGlobalization and Human
Page 26 and 27: Globalization and Human Development
Page 40 and 41: Chapter TwoThe Economic Well Being
Page 42 and 43: The Economic Well Being of Egyptian
Page 58 and 59: Globalization Challenges to Egypt
Page 80 and 81: The Environment and Sustainable Dev
Page 88: The Environment and Sustainable Dev
Page 93 and 94: Chapter FiveEgypt’s Position inTe
Page 95 and 96: Egypt’s Position in Technology an
Page 97 and 98: Egypt’s Position in Technology an
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Egypt’s Position in Technology an
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Chapter SixGlobalization and Human
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Globalization and Human CapitalOf t
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Globalization and Human CapitalOne
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Globalization and Human CapitalThe
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Globalization and Human CapitalEmpl
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Chapter SevenEgypt’s Social Capit
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Egypt’s Social Capital and Arab E
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Technical Notesand Sources of DataH
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Technical Notes and Sources of Data
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Bibliography◆ Abdallah, H. (1996)
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BibliographyOECD Development Centre
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BibliographyNational policies in a
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Bibliography◆ Springborg,Robert (
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