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Globalization Challenges to Egypt’s Production SectorsBox (3.3)The Agricultural Research System in EgyptThe agricultural research system in Egyptstarted as early as 1897 under the RoyalAgricultural Society. Since then, researchand related activities have expandedexponentially. In the early 1980s,Presidential Decree No. 19 established theAgricultural Research Center (ARC) as asemi-autonomous organization for scientificresearch and extension activities.Activities and research conducted by ARCinclude:● Pilot agricultural projects● Training extension engineers and villageagents● Designing and monitoring national cropcampaigns.In the second half of the 1980s, the MOAstarted a comprehensive program toimprove extension services throughredistribution of staff and advanced trainingcourses. The redistribution system set upsome rules, three of which were key forsustainable and effective extension services:● One extension officer for each 200feddans.● Residential extension staff .● Transfer of extension staff throughministerial decreeA second means of improving extensionservices has been through various types oftraining courses using ARC and/oruniversity staff. These courses are plannedto cover all extension employees in theMOA headquarters and regions. Theinsufficient public funds allocated to theseactivities is largely compensated for byforeign donor-funded projects for technologytransfer and training programs, such as ADS,SFPP, EMCIP, NARP, APCP, CAT and UTP.The extension administration improved andstrengthened their staff through three types oftraining: conventional; on-the-job; andoverseas. In addition to ARC, there are othergovernmental research centers, institutes anduniversities which are involved in agriculturalresearch. There are currently 11,407professional scientific staff working in majorEgyptian research organizations in agriculturalscience.In addition to governmental research institutesand universities, there are twenty-two privatesector seed companies and several otherprivate companies involved in agricultural,chemical and pesticide research. However,most of these companies cooperate withgovernmental research staff for the creation ofnew hybrids and pay royalties for utilizingsuch varieties and innovations.Two ministerial decrees, (No.523/1993 andNo.148/199,) were issued in order to helpstrengthen and support linkages amongresearchers in academic communities throughthe establishment of four research extensioncouncils to serve Egypt’s four agriculturalregions. In 1997 ministerial decree No.89established the National Council forAgricultural Research (NCAR), which is incharge of the formulation of a nationalagricultural research policy, and theorganization and finance of agriculturalresearch to serve sustainable agriculturaldevelopment in Egypt. The NCAR isauthorized to supervise activities andfunctions related to research and extensionperformed by the four regional councils.Impact on Human NutritionTable (3.6) shows the nutritional status ofan average Egyptian between 1983 and1996. Despite the increase in populationfrom 47 million in 1983 to around 63.2million in 1996, nutritional status hasimproved in terms of both calories andtotal protein intake. Only one item in thenutritional data, namely the animal proteinintake per capita, did not show any change.It was stable at the level of 13 grams perday, constituting only 10 per cent of totalprotein intake (88 grams). Vegetablesources, mainly cereals, provide theaverage Egyptian with about two-thirds oftheir energy and protein requirements.Increasing the sources of animal protein(fish, poultry, meat, eggs and milk) mustbe of real concern to decision-makers if thenutritional levels of poor people are to beimproved.Increasing the sourcesof animal protein fish,poultry, meat, eggsand milk must be ofreal concern todecision-makers if thenutritional levels ofpoor people are to beimproved.Egypt Human Development Report 2000/2001 - 47
Globalization Challenges to Egypt’s Production SectorsTable (3.6)Per Capita Nutritional Status in Egypt for 1983 and 1996ItemElementUnit19831996Food, totalFood, totalFood, totalVegetable ProductsVegetable ProductsVegetable ProductsAnimal ProductsAnimal ProductsAnimal ProductsCerealsCerealsCerealsK/caloriesProtein Gr.Fat Gr.K/caloriesProtem Gr.Fat Gr.K/caloriesProtein Gr.Fat Gr.K/caloriesProtein Gr.Fat Gr.P. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/dayP. Cap/day30397962208966432311319192453143289885830917543198131521785915Probable Effects of GlobalizationThe possible effects of globalization onEgyptian agriculture will be assessed throughthree main variables: agricultural foreigntrade, farm price variability and germplasm.Agricultural Foreign TradeAs Table (3.7) shows, agricultural importsconstituted around 30 per cent of totalmerchandise imports in 1996, whileagricultural exports were around 15 per centof total merchandise exports, which meansthat agricultural exports covered only 13.5per cent of agricultural imports in 1996compared to 13.9 per cent in 1983. Thisindicates the rigidity of agricultural exportsand the large deficit in the agricultural tradebalance.Liberalization of economic relationsthrough ERSAP and the implementation ofthe WTO agreements did not have asignificant impact on agricultural exports.This is due to issues related to the supplyside. This situation may change in the futurewhen all aspects of reform produce deepand sustainable effects. From the same tablethe deterioration in agricultural terms oftrade can also be noticed. The unit importvalue index reached 125.9 per cent, whilethe unit export value index reached only 67per cent (1989-91 = 100).This evidence indicates that Egypt mustexpand its exports in general, andTable (3.7)Egyptian Agricultural Foreign Trade (1983- 1996)ItemElementUnit19831996Total Merchandise TradeTotal Merchandise TradeAgricultural TradeAgricultural TradeAgricultural Trade indexAgricultural Trade indexAgricultural Trade indexAgricultural Trade indexAgricultural Trade indexAgricultural Trade indexImportsExportsImportsExportsImports ValImport U/VImport VolExports ValExport U/VExport VolMLN $MLN $MLN $MLN $1989-91=1001989-91=1001989-91=1001989-91=1001989-91=1001989-91=100920225853076427105.5101.5104.194.6102.889.91302035343862521132.9125.9105.6109.767159.748 -Egypt Human Development Report 2000/2001
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AcknowledgementsThe Team of the Rep
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
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Energy Consumption 68Agriculture 69
Page 12 and 13: 2.4 Health and Education 332.5 Poli
Page 14 and 15: AbbreviationsADNAADPAIAPRARCB2CBABC
Page 16 and 17: Executive SummaryI - Globalization
Page 18 and 19: Executive Summarythe main source of
Page 20 and 21: Executive Summaryfertilizers, pesti
Page 22 and 23: Executive Summarythe Egyptian labor
Page 24 and 25: Chapter OneGlobalization and Human
Page 26 and 27: Globalization and Human Development
Page 40 and 41: Chapter TwoThe Economic Well Being
Page 42 and 43: The Economic Well Being of Egyptian
Page 58 and 59: Globalization Challenges to Egypt
Page 80 and 81: The Environment and Sustainable Dev
Page 88: The Environment and Sustainable Dev
Page 93 and 94: Chapter FiveEgypt’s Position inTe
Page 95 and 96: Egypt’s Position in Technology an
Page 109 and 110: Chapter SixGlobalization and Human
Page 111 and 112: Globalization and Human CapitalOf t
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Globalization and Human CapitalOne
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Globalization and Human CapitalThe
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Globalization and Human CapitalEmpl
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Chapter SevenEgypt’s Social Capit
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Egypt’s Social Capital and Arab E
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Technical Notesand Sources of DataH
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Technical Notes and Sources of Data
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Bibliography◆ Abdallah, H. (1996)
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BibliographyOECD Development Centre
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BibliographyNational policies in a
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Bibliography◆ Springborg,Robert (
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Governorate IndicatorsG.10 Health p
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Governorate IndicatorsG.12 Educatio
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Governorate IndicatorsG.14 Labor fo
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Governorate IndicatorsG.18 Demograp
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