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Technical Notes and Sources of Data● Annual growth rate of exports %● Annual growth rate of tax revenue %● Direct taxes as % of total taxes● Overall budget surplus (deficit) as % ofGDP at market prices● GDP per capita (LE) and GDP per capita(PPP$) were derived for the country andat the governorate level using nationalincome accounts, provided directly by theMinistry of Planning (MOP), and theresults of CAPMAS’ Household Incomeand Expenditure Survey "(HIES) in themanner described in Section A above.The results of HIES were used in derivingthe next eight indicators. It is noteworthy,however, that a poor person (or household)is defined in the present report as the onewhose expenditure is less than the specifiedpoverty line urban and rural areas. Thefollowing procedure was adopted forestimating poverty lines.(i) The composition required is set to accordwith the observed diet pattern of the poor toreflect their condumption habits and tastes.(ii) The actual diet per adult equivalent inthe reference households was augmented toyield adequate energy intake, i.e.2200caloires daily.(iii) The cost of the selected diet perhoushold was estimated using the actualcurrent prices. The cost of such diet wasestimated as LE 3264 and 3123 for urbanand rural areas respectively. This is consideredas food-based poverty line . Those who arebelow this line are referred to as ultra poor.(iv) Non-food expenditure was estimated forhouseholds who are capable of reachingtheir food requirements, but choose not to soin order to get their essential non-foodneeds. This is the non-food expenditure ofhouseholds whose total expenditure is justequal to the food- based poverty line.Non-foods is added to the food poverty lineto yield poverty line used in this report (i.e,L.E. 4438 and3963 in urban and rural areasrespectively).(v) Indicators of public expenditure onvarious sectors were derived from thegovernment budget published annually bythe Ministry of Finance (MOF). The datarequired for deriving the next twelveindicators on national income accounts wereprovided directly by the Ministry ofPlanning (MOP). These data are regularlyincluded in the successive follow-up reports.Nevertheless, the following observations arepertinent to this type of data;a) The available estimates of sectoral valueadded were always given at the constantprice of the Plan base-year. However theGDP expenditures (namely consumptionand investment) are estimated at currentprices. A resource-use balance is thushard to compile annually.b) The national income accounts have beenfrequently revised by the MOP. Anexplanation is rarely found for revisionsof the estimates. It is understandable thatthe estimates for a late year can be onlypreliminary. But persistent revisions ofthe data not only reduce its credibility,but also complicate the time seriesnecessary for trend analysis.The eight indicators on “resource flowimbalances” were taken or derived from dataavailable in the “Economic Bulletin”published by the NationalBank of Egypt (NBE) and the “AnnualReport” of the Central Bank of Egypt(CBE), with the exception of tradedependency (i.e. exports plus imports as %GDP) which was calculated from dataprovided directly by the Ministry of Planning.The indicators of GDP (growth rates and percapita growth rates), as well as growth ratesof exports are calculated from data provideddirectly by the Ministry of Planning. Finally,the indicators of taxes and budget surplus(deficit) were calculated from data provideddirectly by the Ministry of Finance.Egypt Human Development Report 2000/2001 - 123
Bibliography◆ Abdallah, H. (1996) “The Future of ArabEnergy: With Special Reference toEgypt”, Cairo, Egypt.◆ Abdel Fadil, M (1998). “The DifferenceImpact of Globalization on Labour in theMena Region”, Economic ResearchForum, Working Paper Series N: 9816,Cairo.◆ Abdel Latif, M. & K. Selim 1999“Egyptian Industry and the EconomySpeed of Global Integration” EconomicStudies:12, CEFRS, FEPS .◆ Abdel Latif, M. 2000 “Investment Policy,Employment and Poverty In EgyptianManufacturing” in CEFERS’ Conference“Towards A Pro Poor Policies”.◆ Abdel-Meguid,Wahid(1993).1976-1987-Internal Democracy in Egyptian PoliticalParties: A comparative Study 1976-1987.A Ph.D. thesis. Faculty of Economics andPolitical Science of Cairo University.◆ Abou-Stait, Fouad. “Consequences ofGlobalization in the Third World”. CairoDemographic Center, Working Paper No.40, Cairo 1999.◆ Abu Zekry, Tarek and Ahmed El- Kholei,“The Plans of Egypt for PopulationRedistribution: Are they Sustainable?”Paper presented at The Cairo DemographicCenter 29th Annual meeting: Populationand Sustainable Development, Cairo,1999.◆ Abu-Lughod, Janet and Richard Hay Jr.Third World Urbanization, Methuen &Co. Ltd., London, 1977.◆ Acemoglu, D. and F. Zilbotti, 1999,“Productivity Differences”, WorkingPaper No.W6879, January, NationalBureau of Economic Research.◆ Ades, Alberto F. and Edward L. Glaeser,“Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returnsand the Extent of the Market”. QuarterlyJournal of Economics, 114(3): 1025-1046, 1999.◆ Ali A & Ibrahim, E (2000) . “Poverty andLabor Market in the Arab World : TheRole of Inequality and Growth.” Paperpresented for the 3rd MediterraneanDevelopment Forum. Cairo 6-8 March.◆ Annual International Conference onEnvironmentally Sustainable Development,World Bank, Washington, D. C.◆ Anwar &Wagida, “Health Impacts of EnvironmentalDegradation”, backgroundpaper prepared for the National EnvironmentalAction Plan, 1999.◆ Assaad; R. 1999. “Labor Force Participation,Employment, and Unemployment inEgypt, 1988-1998.” Paper presented atthe ERF Sixth Annual Conference. Cairo,28-31 October.◆ Assad, R. (Nov. 29 - 30, 1999), TheTransformation of the Egyptian LaborMarket 1989 - 1999, Paper Prepared forthe Conference on Labor Market andHuman Resources Development inEgypt, EPIC, Cairo.◆ Attia, Bayoumi, “Assessment of WaterResources in Egypt”, Background paperprepared for the National EnvironmentalAction Plan, 1999.◆ Attia, K. A. (1996) “The EgyptianSystem of National Accounting and ItsRole in Supporting Economic -Environmental Decision - Making”, InGaber, A. (ed.) “EnvironmentalEconomics in Egypt”, MansouraUniversity, Cairo, Egypt.◆ Attia, K. A. (2000) “Developing An En-124 -Egypt Human Development Report 1998/99
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The Digital Divide is a problem tha
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This report is the major output of
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AcknowledgementsThe Team of the Rep
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
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Energy Consumption 68Agriculture 69
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2.4 Health and Education 332.5 Poli
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AbbreviationsADNAADPAIAPRARCB2CBABC
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Executive SummaryI - Globalization
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Executive Summarythe main source of
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Executive Summaryfertilizers, pesti
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Executive Summarythe Egyptian labor
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Chapter OneGlobalization and Human
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Globalization and Human Development
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Chapter TwoThe Economic Well Being
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The Economic Well Being of Egyptian
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Globalization Challenges to Egypt
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The Environment and Sustainable Dev
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Page 93 and 94: Chapter FiveEgypt’s Position inTe
Page 95 and 96: Egypt’s Position in Technology an
Page 109 and 110: Chapter SixGlobalization and Human
Page 111 and 112: Globalization and Human CapitalOf t
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Page 115 and 116: Globalization and Human CapitalThe
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Page 119 and 120: Chapter SevenEgypt’s Social Capit
Page 121 and 122: Egypt’s Social Capital and Arab E
Page 131 and 132: Technical Notesand Sources of DataH
Page 133 and 134: Technical Notes and Sources of Data
Page 135 and 136: Technical Notes and Sources of Data
Page 137: Technical Notes and Sources of Data
Page 141 and 142: BibliographyOECD Development Centre
Page 143 and 144: BibliographyNational policies in a
Page 145 and 146: Bibliography◆ Springborg,Robert (
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