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Dependent Verbs in Sierra Popoluca 251 table 4. Properties of independent and dependent verbs in Sierra Popoluca Restrictions Subordinator Plural enclitic Alignment Plural suffix Person onV2 Person on V1 Aspect/ mood Occurs with Aux Construction Type Independent verb N/A + + N/A + - Erg/Abs N/A N/A N/A - - N/A N/A N/A depends on type V1 N/A + V2 Must be V2 Aux I, active + - optional + - + Erg/Abs - Must be V2 Aux I, passive + - optional + + - Nom/Acc - + - optional + + - Nom/Acc - Must be V2 Aux II Dependent may precede or follow verb inflected with aspect oblig. (must agree with S of V1) Subordinator mo ‘when’ fieldwork and linguistic analysis in indigenous languages of the americas + + - Nom/Acc + - - Must be V2 + + - Nom/Acc - oblig. (must agree with S of V1) - - Subordination with no overt subordinator sɨʔ may be V1 or V2 sɨʔ ‘progressive’ +/- - optional + + - Nom/Acc -
Dependent Verbs in Sierra Popoluca 252 4. ON THE STATUS OF THE DEPENDENT VERB AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANALYSIS. The data on which this analysis is based come from a number of sources. The primary sources consist of transcriptions of narratives and conversations and data from elicitation sessions gathered during a number of field visits ranging from four weeks to 11 months with speakers from the communities of San Pedro Soteapan, Santa Rosa Cintepec, and Piedra Labrada in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. During these field visits, conducted from 2004 through 2009, I have recorded and transcribed narratives and descriptive texts by men and women ranging between the ages of 30 and 70 years. Each field visit consists of conducting text transcription in order to consistently build the corpus of naturally occurring data, as well as elicitation to supplement the analysis of data from texts and complete paradigms in the grammar. The secondary sources consist of materials I obtained from the Project for the Documentation of Languages of Meso-America (PDLMA). These resources include a lexical database (Kaufman & Himes, in preparation), transcribed texts produced by the PDLMA, and texts collected by researchers associated with the Summer Institute of Linguistics. An additional source of textual data on SP is the published text Hem Tzitzimat ‘La Chichimeca’ (Gutiérrez Morales & Wichmann 2001). And finally, examples (text and elicitation) come from Elson (1960a, 1960b), Foster & Foster (1948) and Himes (1997) . Each of the dependent verb constructions described here has previously been described to some degree, the most detailed and most recent being that of Himes (1997). I have attempted to build on these previous descriptions. The first step in doing so sought to reframe the analysis from the perspective of the dependent verbs and their unifying characteristics; whereas previous analyses characterized constructions based on the auxiliary verbs, lack of auxiliary verbs, and subordinator constructions. The similarity in my approach to my predecessors is that the analysis looks at the language synchronically. Having distinguished the characteristics of each of the constructions independently, a second step and subject of further study in understanding DVCs in SP, as well as those of the languages of the Mixe- Zoquean language family, is to approach the study form a diachronic standpoint. An important question that arose in describing constructions in which dependent verbs occurred is whether dependent verbs were verbs or nouns, or lay somewhere in between on some continuum. There are two characteristics observed in the early analysis that suggested that dependent verbs were somehow associated with nouns or that verbs in these positions were to some extent nominalized. One observation is associated with plural marking and the other with person marking, specifically that Set A person markers indicate agents of transitive verbs and possessors of nouns. In order to determine the status of dependent verbs, and further investigate plurality and alignment, I needed to focus on each DVC type independently. Upon returning to the field and exploring plurality and alignment with a revised agenda, the observations began to point to dependent verbs preserving verbal characteristics, including derivational properties, the hierarchical system, and plural inflection. Although the position that dependent verbs manifest characteristics of nouns has been revised, it is interesting to note the process through which the analysis went, as well as to demonstrate the interrelated nature of corpus building, text analysis, and elicitation. 4.1. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE STATUS OF DEPENDENT VERBS. The first characteristic suggesting the noun-like behavior of DVCs emerged from an analysis that sought to explain fieldwork and linguistic analysis in indigenous languages of the americas
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Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis i
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Contents Foreword iii Marianne Mith
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Another fading boundary is that bet
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languages: Akawaio (Kapóng), Akuri
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Acknowledgments The editors are dee
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Introduction 2 COMMUNITY COLLABORAT
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Introduction 4 confined themselves
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Introduction 6 Often, what turns ou
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Introduction 8 references boas, fra
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The Discourse Marker vet in Ixil Ma
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fieldwork and linguistic analysis i
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Classifying Clitics in Sm’algyax
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Noun Class and Number in Kiowa-Tano
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The Story of *ȏ in the Cariban Fam
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Zapotec Determiners 126 System of O
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Zapotec Determiners 128 and most at
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Zapotec Determiners 130 do often oc
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Zapotec Determiners 132 The minimal
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Zapotec Determiners 134 (14) (MMC,
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Zapotec Determiners 136 In the text
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Zapotec Determiners 138 b. bɛn gun
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Zapotec Determiners 140 rɛ’ɛbi-
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Zapotec Determiners 142 (29) (LGL,
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Zapotec Determiners 144 APPENDIX: T
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Middles and Reflexives in Yucatec M
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 174 On
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 176 (4
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 178
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 180 5
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 190 Th
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 194 Q
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 198 co
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