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Classifying Clitics in Sm’algyax 43 Finally, orthographic practice can give an indication as to how native speakers mentally divide up elements, although it certainly cannot be relied upon as the sole criterion for determining word boundaries. Typically, an affix/clitic + stem combination is written conjunctively (as a single word), whereas a word + word combination is written disjunctively (as separate words). With some types of clitics there is variation across native writers as to whether the clitic element and its prosodic host are written conjunctively or disjunctively. In contrast, other types of clitics are consistently written only conjunctively or only disjunctively. While Sm’algyax orthographic conventions are still being codified (cf. Stebbins 2001b), the observed practices of Sm’algyax writers with respect to different sets of clitics can be taken as further evidence of varying phonological dependence. What we find is that, consistently, predicative and attributive connectives are written conjunctively (as in (1)-(3), (5), (10), (12), (14), (16)-(18)), whereas clause initial clitics are written disjunctively (as in (1), (2), (4)-(5), (7)-(18)). The subjective dependent pronouns are written conjunctively when they are prosodically attached to a clause initial clitic (as in (5), (9)-(10), (13), (15), (17)) 12 and disjunctively when they stand alone by being syllabic or by adding an epenthetic vowel to create a well-formed syllable and are prosodically dependent on the first lexical word of the clause (as in (11)-(12)). The possessive clitic and the modifier and locative clitics, however, tend to be written either conjunctively or disjunctively. For example, in (3) above the possessive clitic is written conjunctively while in (4) it is written disjunctively. Similarly, in (14) the modifier clitic ‘wii ‘great’ is written conjunctively when it is attached to the verb, but disjunctively when attached to the noun. Stebbins (1999:138) notes that “Beynon, probably the most prolific writer of Sm’algyax, in his manuscripts tends to attach the nearest lexical clitic to the stem and treat the others independently.” What is important to observe here is the consistency across writers as to the conjunctive and/or disjunctive treatment of the various sets of clitics. The observations about differences in phonological dependence can be summarized as shown in Table 2. As we see here, Sm’algyax clitics appear to have three levels of phonological dependence. The predicative and attributive connectives are prototypical clitics and highly phonologically dependent as they are non-stress bearing, interact phonologically with their host, do not host other clitics, are not a site for pausing and are written conjunctively. The possessive clitic and the modifier and locative clitics are less prototypical and less phonologically dependent in that they do not interact phonologically with their host and are written either conjunctively or disjunctively. Clause initial clitics are the least prototypical and are the most phonologically independent, or word-like, as they can carry secondary stress, can host other clitics, can be a site for pausing, and are written disjunctively. The subjective dependent pronouns appear to pattern like the predicative and attributive connectives as prototypical clitics when they are hosted by a clause initial clitic, but like the clause initial clitics when they are prosodically dependent on the first lexical word of the clause. 12 With the exception of the second part of the circumclitic m=…=sm ‘2Pl.a’ which has been written disjunctively as mentioned in the previous footnote. fieldwork and linguistic analysis in indigenous languages of the americas
Classifying Clitics in Sm’algyax 44 table 2. Summary of differences in phonological dependence Orthographic Word Pausing Host other Clitics Phonological Interaction with Host Location Stress Sm’algyax Clitics Predicative Connectives conjunctive no no epenthesis, stemfinal lenition, coalescence not stress bearing enclitic Attributive Connectives Possessive Clitic conjunctive/ disjunctive no no none not stress bearing proclitic Modifier and Locative Clitics yes yes disjunctive none not primary stress bearing, but can carry secondary stress proclitic Clause Initial Clitics clause initial clitic host: conjunctive first lexical word host: disjunctive epenthesis (with clause initial clitic host or to form a syllable) not stress bearing clause initial clitic host: proclitic, enclitic, flexiclitic, circumclitic first lexical word host: proclitic Subjective Dependent Pronouns fieldwork and linguistic analysis in indigenous languages of the americas no no
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Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis i
Page 5: Contents Foreword iii Marianne Mith
Page 8 and 9: Another fading boundary is that bet
Page 10 and 11: languages: Akawaio (Kapóng), Akuri
Page 12: Acknowledgments The editors are dee
Page 15 and 16: Introduction 2 COMMUNITY COLLABORAT
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Page 19 and 20: Introduction 6 Often, what turns ou
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 8 references boas, fra
Page 23 and 24: The Discourse Marker vet in Ixil Ma
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Page 105 and 106: The Story of *ȏ in the Cariban Fam
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The Story of *ȏ in the Cariban Fam
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124 fieldwork and linguistic analys
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Zapotec Determiners 126 System of O
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Zapotec Determiners 128 and most at
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Zapotec Determiners 130 do often oc
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Zapotec Determiners 132 The minimal
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Zapotec Determiners 134 (14) (MMC,
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Zapotec Determiners 136 In the text
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Zapotec Determiners 138 b. bɛn gun
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Zapotec Determiners 140 rɛ’ɛbi-
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Zapotec Determiners 142 (29) (LGL,
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Zapotec Determiners 144 APPENDIX: T
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Middles and Reflexives in Yucatec M
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 174 On
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 176 (4
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 178
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 180 5
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 190 Th
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 198 co
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 200 RE
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Dena’ina Discourse Markers 202 Pe
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Gemination and Tonal Feet in Welede
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Dependent Verbs in Sierra Popoluca
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