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ehaviour during youth and later in life. In contrast it was harder to quantitativelyassociate PFF with positive manifestations such as the quality of inter-personalrelationships and future community contributions. Social/criminality outcomes were linked most to the quality of the parents’relationship, bonding between parents and children, length of time the biologicalfather remained in the family home, number of changes of parents, parentalconflict, and poor social behaviours by parents (criminality, substance abuse).The literature review provided a valuable insight into the outcomes associated with FF, whilealso highlighting a number of methodological problems in potentially valuing PFF.First, many studies reported correlation between FF aspects and outcomes, but it wassometimes difficult to ascribe this to causation, particularly for cross-sectional analyses.Second, some outcomes cannot be easily converted into economic costs, especiallywhen outcomes are interim (e.g. child literacy and numeracy standards) rather thancompletion of Year 12 or adult employment, labour force participation or earnings.Finally, different and inconsistent measures of FF and of outcomes have been appliedin past studies, presenting a challenge for quantitative interpretation.A number of current Australian longitudinal studies provide a potentially valuable source ofinformation to determine the causal effects of FF in Australia. Four potential longitudinalstudies identified are summarised below. Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC): funded by the Australiangovernment, managed by FaHCSIA and initiated in 2003, the study recruited 5,000children aged less than 12 months as well as 5,000 children aged 4-5 years. Data arebeing collected on the child (health, temperament, literacy experiences), parents(socioeconomic status, parenting style, health) as well as the broader family, child care,school and community environments. Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth (LSAY): jointly managed by the AustralianCouncil for Educational Research and the Australian Government Department ofEducation, Employment and Workplace Relations, the study examines the transitionsof young Australians through school, education after secondary school and/or work.Ages of participants vary from those born in 1961 to those that were in Year 9 of schoolin 1998. Specific issues examined are achievement and completion of school,participation in vocational and university education as well as employment, although FFwas not a measure recorded in this survey. Australian Temperament Project (ATP): initiated in 1983 with a representativesample of more than 2,000 infants and families from urban and rural Victoria, theproject examines psychosocial adjustments through childhood and adolescence as wellas influences of personal, family and environmental factors. Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA): initiated in 2001,commissioned as well as funded through FaHCSIA, and managed through theMelbourne Institute at the University of Melbourne. The study contains arepresentative sample of Australia’s population with approximately 14,000 respondentsin Wave 1 of the study. Information is collected annually with four key areasiv