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in families with either one or both parents enrolled in a methadone maintenance program.The brief intervention applied to the control group was a two-session parenting educationintervention.Standard care group participants received routine care provided by methadone clinic staff. Atotal of 64 families with children between 2 and 8 years were assessed by the trial.Additionally, information was collected via questionnaires and data analysis carried outthrough multilevel linear mixed (MLM) modelling to compare the average trajectory of thePUP group and brief intervention group to the standard care group.At three and six month follow-ups, PUP families showed significant reductions in problemsacross a number of FF domains, including reductions in child abuse potential, rigid parentingattitudes and child behavioural problems. The rigidity score measure reflected improvementsin the unreasonably high and rigid expectations of children’s behaviour and appearance, andreductions in the forceful treatment of children.In comparison, families in the brief intervention group showed a modest reduction in childabuse potential with no other changes in FF. A strong indication of an increase in childabuse potential was found for methadone maintained patients assigned randomly to thestandard care group.Nonetheless, it is noted that more than one third of participating families failed to showsignificant reductions in abuse potential. Hartnett and Day (2008) note that this is a reflectionof the difficulty of making significant and enduring changes in multi-problem families,particularly in the short term.The statistical results, in terms of the significant changes in child abuse risk status categories(CAPI) are presented in Table 3-25.TABLE 3-25: CHANGES IN RISK STATUS AND CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (RELIABLE CHANGE INDEX)FROM PRE-TREATMENT TO SIX MONTHS FOLLOW-UPSource: Dawe et al (2007).Pilot Study – intervention for women prisonersAnother pilot study was undertaken (Dawe and Frye, 2008) to ascertain the feasibility andshort term effectiveness of delivering the PUP program to women prisoners after release orin low security confinement where they were residing with their children. This was animportant study, due to evidence showing that maternal incarceration interferes with the96
social and emotional development of children (various studies are mentioned by Dawe andFrye, 2008). Further, mothers imprisoned with their children can display increasedbehavioural problems including aggression, frequent fighting and hostility and actingout/withdrawal. Some studies also note an impact on student academic performance.In this recent study, twelve women recruited from correctional settings commenced theprogram, with eight completing treatment. Nine of the twelve women contacted were stillincarcerated and commenced the PUP program prior to their release, continuing it into theirpost-release period. The mean age of the participating women was approximately 30 years,and the mean age of the target child was 5.6 years (range of 2-12 years). Informationcollection, similar to the other studies, occurred through both an interview and self-reportingquestionnaires completed at initial assessment, completion of treatment, and follow up.Maternal functioning, parent-child functioning and child behaviour outcomes were analysed.Results of this study found that participation in the program was associated with significantimprovements across outcome measures. In particular, improvements in maternal emotionalwellbeing, stress levels in the parenting role and child behaviour outcomes were reported.Reductions were found in child abuse potential and problem child behaviours. It is reportedthat the gains for most women appeared to be maintained in the short term.The means and SDs for outcome indicators reported at different stages of the study (pre-treatment, post-treatment and follow-up) are presented in Table 3-26.TABLE 3-26: MEANS AND SDS FOR OUTCOME MEASURES – WOMEN PRISONERS STUDYSource: Dawe and Frye (2008).Study – Effectiveness for families referred by child protection servicesA recent study on the PUP program (Hartnett and Dawe, 2008) sought to determine theeffectiveness of the PUP program when applied to families referred by child protectionservices. The results from this study are significant in terms of assessing changes in childabuse outcomes stemming from PUP intervention. Ten families were referred for treatmentby a non-government agency providing services for parents and children of families involvedin the child protection system. Seven of these families were single-parent. Similar to theother studies, outcomes were assessed in the parental functioning, child behaviour andsocial context domains. Pre-intervention and post-intervention analysis of outcomes wascarried out. Statistically significant improvement was found in all measures over the threemonth period, except the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and the problemswith child and self subscale of the CAPI scale (Table 3-27).97
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June 2009Positive Family Functionin
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3.8 Reconnect......................
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAccess Economics wo
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NESSNFFNPVPFFPIMTriple-PPUPRCTREACh
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A simple definition of PFF could no
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ehaviour during youth and later in
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Alternatives to such a partnership
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ooCommunities for childrenInvest an
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1. MEANING AND MEASUREMENTWorking d
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Fletcher (2007) presented the New Z
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DomainEmotionalGovernanceEngagement
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ModelTABLE 1-2: THEORETICAL MODELS
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In times of crisis we can turn to e
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2. MEASURING OUTCOMESImpacts from F
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TABLE 2-1: MATERNAL AND PATERNAL IN
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Parental limit setting, family conf
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studied in the literature and separ
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TABLE 2-7: FAMILY RISK FACTORS ASSO
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FIGURE 2-4: PARENTAL INPUTS (AGE TH
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exacerbated by the formation of aff
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Productivity outcomes appear to be
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Danish National Longitudinal Study
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Key research question 14: how the i
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ut could not (until further Waves o
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FIGURE 2-6: LONGITUDINAL PATHWAYS T
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only be useful in providing informa
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FIGURE 2-9: CONCEPTUAL MAP FOR VALU
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Productivity losses would best be m
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Short term productivity costsThe fr
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The expected retirement age by the
Page 61 and 62: (discussed previously in Section 2.
Page 63 and 64: Aids and home modificationsAlthough
Page 65 and 66: The extensive literature in this fi
Page 67 and 68: In discounting healthy life and oth
Page 69 and 70: proximal risk factors are those tha
Page 71 and 72: ages of 18-24 months and between 4
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3-4: MATERNITY IMMUNISATION A
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Page 77 and 78: Increased contentment in children w
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 3-7: FAMILY DISPUTE RESOLUTIO
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Page 83 and 84: Quantitative and qualitative data w
Page 85 and 86: This initiative developed out of a
Page 87 and 88: FIGURE 3-2: DIAGRAM OF TRIPLE P SYS
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 3-11: RESULTS OF META-ANALYSE
Page 91 and 92: This section on early childhood int
Page 93 and 94: Table 3-14 displays a summary of th
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 3-15: BCR OF ECE PROGRAMSSour
Page 97 and 98: 3.6 PEEL CHILD HEALTH SURVEYThe Pee
Page 99 and 100: Research on efficacy - Evaluation o
Page 101 and 102: Education participation levels rema
Page 103 and 104: For FLW, outcomes assessment was re
Page 105 and 106: whether children, families and comm
Page 107 and 108: Mothers of 36 month olds were repor
Page 109 and 110: The effects associated with SSLPs a
Page 111: social context of the family.Self-r
Page 115 and 116: analyses can be broken down further
Page 117 and 118: 4. CONCLUSIONThe method proposed fo
Page 119 and 120: Australian Institute of Family Stud
Page 121 and 122: Duncan J, Bowden C, Smith AB (2005)
Page 123 and 124: Mathers C, Vos T, Stevenson C (1999
Page 125 and 126: Sanders MR (2003) ‘Triple P - Pos
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