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ModelDescriptionDescription Based on the premise that there are three factors of social climate that underscoreFF. These are interpersonal relationships, personal growth and family structure.Subscales from these three domains are the result of a rational (not empirical)derivationMeasures The Family Environment Scale 3 rd Edition (FES; Moos and Moos, 1994) [SR]Family Relationship Index (FRI; Holahan & Moos, 1983) [SR]Kronenberger & Thompson Factors-analytic Component Scoring (Kronenbergerand Thompson; 1990) [SR]The Iowa Family Interaction Rating ScalesDescription Is a collection of scales that are underlined by social interactional, behavioural andsocial contextual theories. These scales are designed to assess displays ofbehaviour and relationship processes at a number of levels (individual, dyadic andgroup levels) across diverse age groups and relationship types (parent-child,parents and siblings).Measures The Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scale (IFIRS; Melby and Conger, 2001;Melby et al, 1998) [Obs]The System for Coding Interactions and Family FunctioningDescription Based on a number of theories including systemic family theory, structural familytheory and social learning theory. Functioning is assessed in a number of ways,the family as a whole, each parent-child dyad as well as for each individual familymember.Emotional climate of the family, its structure and organisation including flexibility,rules and boundaries, while specific interpersonal behaviours such as coercion andrejection are also important to overall FF.Measures The System for Coding Interactions and Family Functioning (SCIFF; Lindahl andMalik, 2001) [Obs]Source: Alderfer et al (2008)[Obs] – observational measure, [SR] – self reported measureFF metrics are estimated in a number of different ways, such as through self-reportedquestionnaires, coded observed interactions and interviews, each providing a differentwindow of information into FF (Alderfer et al, 2008). In Table 1-2 above, measures aregenerally observational or self-reported in nature. A trained professional’s opinion on thefunctionality of a family can differ from a family member’s opinion of their environment.Based on the descriptions in Table 1-1, the theoretical models that best align with thesecharacteristics are the McMaster Model of Family Functioning (MMFF), Iowa FamilyInteraction Rating Scale (IFIRS) and The System for Coding Interactions and FamilyFunctioning. Of these the McMaster Model is the most frequently used in Australia. Thismodel, particularly in the self-reported Family Assessment Device (FAD) format has beenused in a number of Australian studies including: the New South Wales Population Health Survey 2005-2006;the New South Wales Child Health Survey 2001; and the Western Australian Child Health Survey 1993.The FAD metric generates a result between 1 (healthy FF) and 4 (unhealthy FF). Parentsand/or caregivers in the family are provided a list of 12 statements and asked whether theystrongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree with each one, within their own familyenvironment. The list of statements is as follows.Planning family activities is difficult because we misunderstand each other.8