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88% (n = 44) described positive changes in the way they do thingschildren.with their88% (n = 44) reported increased responsiveness and ability to read cues.80% (n = 40) reported increased confidence in responding to their children’sattachment needs.Furthermore , 92% of mothers reported the project had helped them feel closer to their childand 88% noted lasting p ositive changes in themselves since completion of the project. Thepre- and post- application of a number of standardised psychometric instruments revealedstatistically significant improvements in parental stress, anxiety, depression, childresponsiveness to parent, child wellbeing and involvement, parent sensitivity and parentstructuring.3.4TRIPLE-P (POSITIVE PARENTING PROGRAM)Program services and target groupsTriple-P is a behavioural family intervention that is designed to improve family protectivefactors as well as reduce factors that are associated with severe behavioural and emotionalproblems in preadolescent children. The program was developed at the University ofQueensland as a multi-level intervention designed to improve the quality of advice availableto parents.Triple-P has been operational for 25 years and is a comprehensive public health modelintervention with the specific aims (Sanders, 2003) of: enhancing the knowledge, skills, confidence, self sufficiency and resourcefulness ofparents of preadolescent children; promoting nurturing, safe, engaging, non-violent and low conflict environments forchildren; and promoting children’s social, emotional, language, intellectual and behaviouralcompetencies through positive parenting practices.This program has five levels of intervention (Figure 3-2) on a tiered continuum of increasingstrength for parents and children from birth until the age of 16 years. These levels ofintervention include a ‘media-based parent information campaign’, ‘health promotion,strategy/brief selective intervention’, ‘narrow focus parent training’, ‘broad focus parenttraining’ as well as ‘intensive family intervention modules’.70
FIGURE 3-2: DIAGRAM OF TRIPLE P SYSTEM OF PARENTING AND FAMILY SUPPORTSource: Sanders (2003).Research on efficacyA number of reports have found that Triple-P is effective in reducing child disorders, andsome reports have studied the cost effectiveness of the program and also found it to befavourable. Many of these studies discussed the need for a public health approach so thatthe intervention reaches more parents.A meta-analysis of 29 randomised controlled trials measuring the effectiveness of Triple-Pwas completed by Nowak and Heinrichs (2008). This study confirmed the efficacy of Triple-Pin improving parenting skills, child problem behaviour as well as parental wellbeing (Table3-9 and Table 3-10). Overall effect sizes of Triple P for parenting and child problembehaviour range between 0.35 and 0.48 for between-groups, while within groups effect sizeswere between 0.45 and 0.57 in post intervention comparisons.TABLE 3-9: TRIPLE P, MEANS FOR UNCONDITIONAL AND CONDITIONAL MODELSSource: Nowak and Heinrichs (2008).Note: unconditional measures are without explanatory variables and conditional models include all potentialexplanatory variables. Confidence intervals are 95%.71
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June 2009Positive Family Functionin
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3.8 Reconnect......................
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAccess Economics wo
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NESSNFFNPVPFFPIMTriple-PPUPRCTREACh
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A simple definition of PFF could no
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ehaviour during youth and later in
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Alternatives to such a partnership
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ooCommunities for childrenInvest an
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1. MEANING AND MEASUREMENTWorking d
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Fletcher (2007) presented the New Z
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DomainEmotionalGovernanceEngagement
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ModelTABLE 1-2: THEORETICAL MODELS
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In times of crisis we can turn to e
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2. MEASURING OUTCOMESImpacts from F
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TABLE 2-1: MATERNAL AND PATERNAL IN
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Parental limit setting, family conf
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studied in the literature and separ
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2-7: FAMILY RISK FACTORS ASSO
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE 2-4: PARENTAL INPUTS (AGE TH
Page 39 and 40: exacerbated by the formation of aff
Page 41 and 42: Productivity outcomes appear to be
Page 43 and 44: Danish National Longitudinal Study
Page 45 and 46: Key research question 14: how the i
Page 47 and 48: ut could not (until further Waves o
Page 49 and 50: FIGURE 2-6: LONGITUDINAL PATHWAYS T
Page 51 and 52: only be useful in providing informa
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 2-9: CONCEPTUAL MAP FOR VALU
Page 55 and 56: Productivity losses would best be m
Page 57 and 58: Short term productivity costsThe fr
Page 59 and 60: The expected retirement age by the
Page 61 and 62: (discussed previously in Section 2.
Page 63 and 64: Aids and home modificationsAlthough
Page 65 and 66: The extensive literature in this fi
Page 67 and 68: In discounting healthy life and oth
Page 69 and 70: proximal risk factors are those tha
Page 71 and 72: ages of 18-24 months and between 4
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3-4: MATERNITY IMMUNISATION A
Page 75 and 76: Family Relationship Centres are a f
Page 77 and 78: Increased contentment in children w
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 3-7: FAMILY DISPUTE RESOLUTIO
Page 81 and 82: 3.3.1 COMMUNITIES FOR CHILDRENProgr
Page 83 and 84: Quantitative and qualitative data w
Page 85: This initiative developed out of a
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 3-11: RESULTS OF META-ANALYSE
Page 91 and 92: This section on early childhood int
Page 93 and 94: Table 3-14 displays a summary of th
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 3-15: BCR OF ECE PROGRAMSSour
Page 97 and 98: 3.6 PEEL CHILD HEALTH SURVEYThe Pee
Page 99 and 100: Research on efficacy - Evaluation o
Page 101 and 102: Education participation levels rema
Page 103 and 104: For FLW, outcomes assessment was re
Page 105 and 106: whether children, families and comm
Page 107 and 108: Mothers of 36 month olds were repor
Page 109 and 110: The effects associated with SSLPs a
Page 111 and 112: social context of the family.Self-r
Page 113 and 114: social and emotional development of
Page 115 and 116: analyses can be broken down further
Page 117 and 118: 4. CONCLUSIONThe method proposed fo
Page 119 and 120: Australian Institute of Family Stud
Page 121 and 122: Duncan J, Bowden C, Smith AB (2005)
Page 123 and 124: Mathers C, Vos T, Stevenson C (1999
Page 125 and 126: Sanders MR (2003) ‘Triple P - Pos
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