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ages of 18-24 months and between 4 and 5 years, or who have an approvedexemption from immunisation.Large Family Supplement: for people receiving Family Tax Benefit for three or morechildren. An amount is added to the Family Tax Benefit for each child after the second.Multiple Birth Allowance: for families with three or more children born at the sametime, an amount is added to the Family Tax Benefit until the children turn 16 years ofage, or if at least three of the children are in full time study, until the end of the calendaryear in which they turn 18 years of age.Rent Assistance: additional help for those eligible and receiving more than the baserate of Family Tax Benefit Part A while paying rent to private landlords.Health Care Cards: issued to those receiving the maximum rate of Family Tax BenefitPart A.Double Orphan Pension: provision of additional assistance to raise children that areorphans.Jobs, education and training child care fee assistance: as part of an activityagreement, this payment contributes to the costs of approved child care for eligibleparents undertaking activities such as work, job searching, training, study orrehabilitation, to enter or re-enter the workforce.Income strain on families and households are well known to have negative effects onfamilies. Ermisch (2008) showed that parental behaviours improved as the householdincome increased (Figure 3–4). The mechanism by which this outcome is achieved isunclear. For example, it maybe through the alleviation of financial pressures at the marginthat led to an improvement in family conditions, alternatively it might be related to people withhigher levels of education earning more money and that are more informed about parentingpractices.Research on efficacyMeasures of program performance are linked into high level KPIs, with little measurement ofthe health and social outcomes that are associated with these interventions. For example,the Family Tax Benefit performance indicators (Table 3-1 and Table 3-2) are linked to theirexpected and actual expenditure amounts. Actual payments for Family Tax Benefit wereunder the estimated amount for Part A while expenditure on Part B was over its expectedamount.TABLE 3-1: FAMILY TAX BENEFIT PART ASource: FaHCSIA Annual Report 2007-08However, Family Tax Benefit Part B (Table 3-2) has an additional measure of effectiveness –the proportion of families entitled to family Tax Benefit Part B that take up the benefit over athree year period.55