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60.0FIGURE 2-5: COMPARISON OF OFFENDING TRAJECTORY GROUPS ON MEASURES OF FFTwo or more changes of parents (0‐10yrs)In highest quintile on parental conflict score (0‐10yrs)50.0Parental history of criminalityParental alcoholism or problems with alcoholParental illicit drug use40.0Percentage of risk factor30.020.010.00.0Low‐risk Offenders Early Onset Intermediate Onset Late Onset Chronic OffendersAdolescent‐Limited OffendersSource: Fergusson and Horwood (2002).2.1.4 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE BASED FINDINGSThe literature review provided a valuable insight into the outcomes associated with FF, whilealso highlighting a number of methodological problems in potential application to valuingPFF.First, while many studies reported correlation between aspects of FF and outcomes, itwas sometimes difficult to ascribe this to causation. This was more of a problem forstudies set up as cross-sectional analyses, although even with longitudinal studies itwas still difficult to adequately control for factors that influence both and can changeover time, such as socioeconomic factors.Second, some outcomes cannot be easily converted into economic costs. Forexample, literature generally examined outcomes associated with reaching interimliteracy and numeracy standards, rather than completion of Year 12 (which can in turnbe linked to later income), or indeed to adult employment, labour force participation orearnings.Finally, different and inconsistent measures of FF and of outcomes have been appliedin past studies. The application of findings would thus result in somewhat of a mosaicof varying and overlapping definitional interpretations.Interestingly, high level trends are evident from the literature. Health outcomes appear to be most dependent on issues such as family attachment,joint family time and role modelling. These characteristics have been described mostfrequently in the literature as underlying substance abuse and psychological outcomesin children.24
Productivity outcomes appear to be most frequently described as associated withsocioeconomic status of the family (parental income and asset base) and parentalinvolvement at school. As noted by Ermisch (2008), these factors are associated witha greater probability of parents engaging with their children more.Social/criminality outcomes were most frequently described in the context of the qualityof the relationship between the parents as well as the level of bonding between theparents and children. Factors such as the length of time the biological father remainedin the family home, number of changes of parents, parental conflict, and poor socialbehaviours by the parents (criminality, alcoholism and illicit drug use) were all shown tobe associated with a greater likelihood of criminality by children.2.2 LONGITUDINAL CHILD AND YOUTH STUDIESA number of longitudinal Australian as well as international studies of children and youthhave either been completed or are currently underway with available interim results (Table2-8). Large longitudinal studies offer the potential to specifically measure the impacts of FFon a range of social, health and economic outcomes on the child as well as the family.‘Longitudinal data are essential to answer many of the questions facing policymakers and researchers today. We know that the roots of many problems inadolescence and adulthood can be found in early childhood. The study willprovide data tracking children over time, to help researchers to understand how,why and when children embark on pathways to adaptive and maladaptiveoutcomes and where the opportunities are to help children move onto betterpathways’ (Sanson et al, 2002).Controlling potential confounding variables enables an analysis of causal impacts. However,not all child and youth related longitudinal studies collected data on FF. Some studiescollected FF information that corresponded to a number of aspects of the family environment,but did not include any specific measures of FF.In addition to this are considerations about the ease of access to data records. A number ofthe studies listed in Table 2-8 are from private research groups or otherwise not in the publicdomain. Access to these data records will require specific information requests to theresearch organisation. Costs will likely be associated with data provision, if it is permitted.International differences between social, policy and economic environments mean thatAustralian data are strongly preferred. That said, Björklund et al (2006) found that estimatesof the negative relationship between living in a non-intact family and child outcomes wereremarkably similar between the USA and Sweden (two countries with significantly differentsocial and policy structures). If Australian data sources do not provide the informationrequired, international data sources could be examined for their ability to provide appropriateinformation, however this scoping study has only analysed the appropriateness of theidentified Australian databases: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) – Section 2.2.1; the Longitudinal Study of Australian Youth (LSAY) – Section 2.2.2; the Australian Temperament Project (ATP) – Section 2.2.3; and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) study –Section 2.2.4.25
Page 1 and 2: June 2009Positive Family Functionin
Page 3 and 4: 3.8 Reconnect......................
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAccess Economics wo
Page 7 and 8: NESSNFFNPVPFFPIMTriple-PPUPRCTREACh
Page 9 and 10: A simple definition of PFF could no
Page 11 and 12: ehaviour during youth and later in
Page 13 and 14: Alternatives to such a partnership
Page 15 and 16: ooCommunities for childrenInvest an
Page 17 and 18: 1. MEANING AND MEASUREMENTWorking d
Page 19 and 20: Fletcher (2007) presented the New Z
Page 21 and 22: DomainEmotionalGovernanceEngagement
Page 23 and 24: ModelTABLE 1-2: THEORETICAL MODELS
Page 25 and 26: In times of crisis we can turn to e
Page 27 and 28: 2. MEASURING OUTCOMESImpacts from F
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 2-1: MATERNAL AND PATERNAL IN
Page 31 and 32: Parental limit setting, family conf
Page 33 and 34: studied in the literature and separ
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2-7: FAMILY RISK FACTORS ASSO
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE 2-4: PARENTAL INPUTS (AGE TH
Page 39: exacerbated by the formation of aff
Page 43 and 44: Danish National Longitudinal Study
Page 45 and 46: Key research question 14: how the i
Page 47 and 48: ut could not (until further Waves o
Page 49 and 50: FIGURE 2-6: LONGITUDINAL PATHWAYS T
Page 51 and 52: only be useful in providing informa
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 2-9: CONCEPTUAL MAP FOR VALU
Page 55 and 56: Productivity losses would best be m
Page 57 and 58: Short term productivity costsThe fr
Page 59 and 60: The expected retirement age by the
Page 61 and 62: (discussed previously in Section 2.
Page 63 and 64: Aids and home modificationsAlthough
Page 65 and 66: The extensive literature in this fi
Page 67 and 68: In discounting healthy life and oth
Page 69 and 70: proximal risk factors are those tha
Page 71 and 72: ages of 18-24 months and between 4
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3-4: MATERNITY IMMUNISATION A
Page 75 and 76: Family Relationship Centres are a f
Page 77 and 78: Increased contentment in children w
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 3-7: FAMILY DISPUTE RESOLUTIO
Page 81 and 82: 3.3.1 COMMUNITIES FOR CHILDRENProgr
Page 83 and 84: Quantitative and qualitative data w
Page 85 and 86: This initiative developed out of a
Page 87 and 88: FIGURE 3-2: DIAGRAM OF TRIPLE P SYS
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 3-11: RESULTS OF META-ANALYSE
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This section on early childhood int
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Table 3-14 displays a summary of th
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TABLE 3-15: BCR OF ECE PROGRAMSSour
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3.6 PEEL CHILD HEALTH SURVEYThe Pee
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Research on efficacy - Evaluation o
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Education participation levels rema
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For FLW, outcomes assessment was re
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whether children, families and comm
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Mothers of 36 month olds were repor
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The effects associated with SSLPs a
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social context of the family.Self-r
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social and emotional development of
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analyses can be broken down further
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4. CONCLUSIONThe method proposed fo
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Australian Institute of Family Stud
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Duncan J, Bowden C, Smith AB (2005)
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Mathers C, Vos T, Stevenson C (1999
Page 125 and 126:
Sanders MR (2003) ‘Triple P - Pos
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