wind energy resource evaluation in a site of central italy ... - WindSim

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3.1.1),while the flatted one has been created manually by the same 3D equation projectedin the X-Z plane.The simulations have been run using the standard κ−ε turbulence model and thecoupled solver. The velocity vertical profiles have been calculated in some of thestations shown in figure 3.1 and the results of the comparison are reported in thefollowing figures 3.3.Figure 3.3: Overlay of the vertical profiles in some measurement stations.29
The results shown above demonstrate that the vertical profiles extracted from thecentral cell in the Y-direction of a 3D “cos 2 ” hill are the same as those extracted froma “flatted” Y-direction hill, which doesn’t introduce therefore any tri-dimensionaleffect on the flow. This is a striking result, and it is useful for further simulations,because it’s demonstrated that a very thin 3D “cos 2 ” hill, built up with the automaticprocedure of the WindSim software, can be used to understand the behavior of anair flow over a 2D hill.3.2 Speed-up effectThe speed-up effect has been studied for the case shown in figure 3.1, varying thevalue of the roughness height. Particularly, 3 tests have been done, for R=0,01 m ,R=0,3 m and R=0,6 m.The following picture shows the development of the speed vertical profilesmeasured in the various stations, upstream and downstream the hill top (located instation number 6).Figure 3.4: Development of the vertical profiles upstream the hill-top.30
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI CAGLIARI
Page 3 and 4: IndexIndex page IAcknowledgmentsVII
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER 4: Characteristics of the s
Page 7 and 8: 6.7.1 Mean wind velocity page 1096.
Page 9 and 10: This thesis is the result of a prac
Page 11 and 12: WindSim is a software developed by
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1. Atmospheric Boundary Lay
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.1: Example of an atmospher
Page 17 and 18: 1.5 The WindSim numerical codeWindS
Page 19 and 20: (κ−ε RNG or the Low Reynolds),
Page 21 and 22: 1.5.4 RESULTSThe Results module all
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.2: Example of TKE vertical
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2. Simulations over flat te
Page 27 and 28: inlet position (0 meters), station
Page 29 and 30: 2.4 Height distribution factor sens
Page 31 and 32: e decreased, to avoid to build thin
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.10: Vertical profiles for
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3. Simulations over 2D hill
Page 37: Table 3.1: Measurement coordinatesS
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3.6: Sketch of the 15 km lon
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.9: Influence of the height
Page 45 and 46: Figure 3.13: Zoom of the hill top r
Page 47 and 48: 3.5.2) = ∙.The two models for att
Page 49 and 50: H [m] hill heightν[m 2 /s] air cin
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.18: Particular of the nume
Page 53 and 54: Finally, the horizontal x velocity
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.25: Z velocity componentFi
Page 57 and 58: 3.6 RemarksA CFD study of a boundar
Page 59 and 60: Some experimental wind data of this
Page 61 and 62: Both the pictures 4.3 and 4.4 have
Page 63 and 64: Table 4.2: Description of the color
Page 65 and 66: In this periods, data are recorded
Page 67 and 68: In the following pages, a short des
Page 69 and 70: 4.3.2 Mast 5424-15 m Period April-M
Page 71 and 72: 4.3.4 Mast 5424-15 m Period Novembe
Page 73 and 74: 4.3.6 Mast 5428-40 m Period April-M
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.8 Mast 5428-50 m Period Novembe
Page 77 and 78: 4.3.10 Mast 5428-30 m Period Novemb
Page 79 and 80: 4.4.2 Mast 542870
Page 81 and 82: 4.5.2 Mast 542872
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 5. Test of the Free Stream
Page 85 and 86: case the wind is blowing from the e
Page 87 and 88: Geometrical modelTable 5.3: Input p
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 5.6: Vertical profiles in po
Page 91 and 92:
The orthogonalization of the grid h
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 5.9: Map of speed-ups for di
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 5.30: Speed-2D at 30 m heigh
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 5.12: Speed-2D at 30 m heigh
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER 6. Analysis of the wind fie
Page 101 and 102:
Table 6.2: Boundary conditions and
Page 103 and 104:
6.5 Vertical profiles of VelocityTo
Page 105 and 106:
characterized by high wind speed (5
Page 107 and 108:
From the error analysis, it is foun
Page 109 and 110:
Anyhow, the trend of the linear int
Page 111 and 112:
Concerning the CFD simulations, val
Page 113 and 114:
Analyzing RMS error table for tower
Page 115 and 116:
A general overview of the figure 6.
Page 117 and 118:
6.7 Cross Checking of wind dataIn t
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 6.8 a/bFigure 6.8 c/dFigure
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Table 6.11: RMS error for cross che
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Figure 6.9 e/fFigure 6.9 g/hFigure
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Figure 6.10 g/hFigure 6.10 i/lFigur
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to have a better agreement during t
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Figure 7.2: Weibull fitting of the
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Figure 7.5: Perspective view of the
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The calculated AEP has been reporte
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ConclusionsIn this thesis the evalu
Page 137 and 138:
Bibliography[1] CRASTO G. - Numeric
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