ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS - Bulletin of Engineering

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ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGlife of poor communities at Jakarta washappening. This is shown through a residentialland eviction of the poor in order ordering thecity of Jakarta. RUTRW Jakarta in 2010, allocatedland for settlements covering 37.21% of the areaof the city or 25,477,68 ha.Whereas in 2001, large settlements in the city ofJakarta is about 43,475,09 ha (Jakarta dalamangka 2001), it has been a reduction in landsettlement. If assumed that evicted the densitysettlements with 300 people per hectare (theslums), then that must be evicted is 5.4 millioninhabitants of urban poor. This meansstructuring the city instead displacing of theurban poor, and then eventually the urban poorwill get poorer.This is supported by data obtained INFID (2005)that the eviction efforts have been made poorDKI Jakarta government during the year 2001-2003. From the data the United Nations (1997)argued that the poverty situation of the mostwonderful place in developing countries, wherethere are 1.3 billion people around the worldwho are poor, 70% of whom are women. Thiscondition also supported by data that suggestedthe ILO ( 2004), that there are 550 millionworking poor in the world, or people who areunable to lift themselves and their familyincome above U.S. $ 1 per day, andapproximately 330 million, or 60 percent arewomen. Poverty has led to women bear aheavier burden than men. In addition toproviding 66% of her working hours, poorwomen obtain only 10% of their work(Tjokrowinoto 1996). Working hours of womenaround 30-50 per cent longer than men thesame age and to work paid or unpaid,compared with men the same age (Cahyono2005).It turned out that poverty cannot be separatedmerely because the burden of injustice forwomen's economic shortcomings. But there isalso oppression, deprivation of rights, whichgave birth to sorrow, grief, and deep wounds.Studies of the ILO-IPEC conducted in 2003estimated the number of commercial sexworkers under 18 years of approximately 1244children in Jakarta (TEMPO Interaktif 12 Juni2003). Found that one of six womenexperiencing abuse, and violence, is morepronounced in poor countries (Voice Reform,December 2, 2005).The aim of this research is to discover andunderstand the poverty living conditions ofwomen poor in the Jakarta city, where poorwomen has a heavier burden of poverty thanmen due to urban development and are unableto get out of these poor living conditions.Development is to build a human. Therefore,human became a major factor, both as subjectand object, because humans are basically themain of ecological factor (Soetaryono 1985:101).In the developing countries, development notonly increase the national income, not merelyincrease the production of goods and services,but the essential element of development,namely to build physical and spiritual humanbeing and change the fate of mankind to be ableto get out of the trap poverty andunderdevelopment (Soetarjono Salim in 1985).The result of development adding somedynamics and change together (Teune 1988:39-40). The development is a process that involvesmultiple dimensional major changes in socialstructures, attitudes, and national institutions,such as: accelerating economic growth,inequality reduction, and eradication of absolutepoverty (Todaro 1994), specifically developmenthave mean multidimensional (Keats 2004).However, most of the development dimension isimplemented as an increase in people's lifestylesby improving education, income, skillsdevelopment and employment (Keats 2004).According to the understanding of the unitarystate of Indonesia Republic is set forth in RI ActNo. 25 of 2004 concerning NationalDevelopment Planning System, the NationalDevelopment organized based on democracywith the principles of togetherness, equitable,sustainable, environment, and balancingindependence with the progress and nationalunity.Essentially, urban development is the result ofthe interaction process that occurs continuouslybetween the system of economic development,educational development system, health systemdevelopment, manpower development systemand subsystem of the natural environment inurban ecosystems. The results of the interactionprocess significantly affect the povertyconditions of women in Jakarta.The pattern work of patriarchy put women asmothers, women who keep house and the kidswithout the help of men, women risk losing itsown economic resources and become one of the1102010/Fascicule 2/AprilJune /Tome III
ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGfactors that increase the "feminization ofpoverty" in which women typically getwages/income lower than men. Family is onepart of the various subsystems within thecommunity and in the community subsystemwill not escape from its interactions with othersub-systems that exist in society. (Megawangi1999:66). According Megawangi, each family(nuclear family), has duties as a social system,i.e.: tasks, achieving goals, integration andsolidarity, as well as patterns of continuity ormaintenance of the family.Is one of the major contributions of feministtheory that the sexual division of roles andsubordinated women by men are two things thathave relevance (Agger 2008:207). In Agger note,the sexual division of labor has helped explainhow the subordination of women in the labormarket, politics, and culture reflects andreinforces women's subordination in thehousehold. That due to the division of laborbased on sex has created the objectivity ofwomen by men. Where is the object for men inthe family, which acts both as a spouse or sexualpartner helpers, objectifications women in thepublic domain.Sexual division of labor is different in eachcommunity (Widanti 2005:410). There is awriting that, a harmonious society is notlayered and women have high authority insubsistence societies. But there are alsoillustrates that in a society, whereas the positionof women toward slaves. However, according toWidanti records that the general pattern divisionof labor, as follows:In hunting societies: women gathering foodand small animals, while men hunted.Pre capitalist society: women's subordinatedof the dominant classes, but in a nuclear,family in which the product and use value ismade, women continue to retain authority.In a capitalist society: especially, in the thirdworld, at the beginning of industrialization,where many industrial absorb labor andentering women from the domestic sector,in drag to the industrial sector.The types of work they do that has beensocialized domestic in the family such as sewing,serving, cooking, and others. After industrializedcapital intensive, then more men were recruitedin the factory. However, for the purpose ofexport industry, female workers are notreplaced by machines or male workers, so thatwomen workers with low wages, work light anddo not develop. Often, have not dignifiedtreatment by employers or male workers.Gender inequities resulting inferiority femaleworkers, and thus patriarchy as a social systemto join with the capitalism as economic system.According to Agger (2008), the division of laborof men and women actually based on ideologypatriarchy or male supremacy in the domesticand public area . Chodorow cited Agger (2008),considers the family as a place where combatsexual division of labor and expense of womenweaken and reproduce strictly the separation ofgender roles between men and women. Thesexual division of labor in the household and theworld of empirical shows that the differentiationof gender roles in families establish a pattern ofgender inequality in the world of work (Agger2008).Pattern of labor division in pre-capitalist societyto a capitalist, which marginalizes the essentialinterests of women as human beings, till now stillpreserved. Pattern preservation of labor divisionand gender bias against women both in therealm of domestic/private and the public sphere,the result of parenting parents from generationto generation (Widanti 2005:181). This is adefined social roles, in which the status and roleis the recognition given by the society for us,regardless of the individuals quality and ourefforts what we strive through our efforts alone(Young & Mack in Horton & Hunt 1984:121). As aresult of a determined social roles, according toClementine Dehwe in her essay "Double Burden"of published by www.ufa.se, that every womanin the world has a lot of work. Until now,women's work will never be finished, andsignificantly, when more women working thanworking time of men.Double burden by implication drawn fromwww.psychology.wikia.com, is one of describedaily life in Western Europe and the USA whichrefers to the work burden of women and menfor money (wages), but also has theresponsibility for household work related topeople who are not paid (not paid).The dichotomy of private (domestic) and public,females and males is the result of modern history(Ross Pole in Widanti 2005), Where, with theemergence of capitalism, the social productdistribution is determined by the workings of themarket and not by tradition, status or familyobligations. Thus, the concept of work is defined2010/Fascicule 2/AprilJune /Tome III 111
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