ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS - Bulletin of Engineering

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ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGas wage work outside the family and in thefactory. Also according to Pole, dichotomy ofproductive work (wage) and reproductive work(not wage). In fact, the house does notnecessarily work to reproductive work and workoutside the home into productive work (Widanti2005). With example, such as PKK jobs andemployment of women workers who cook foodto eat and foods to be sold at the factory.According to Oakley, quoted by Ollenburger &Moore (2002:119), domestic work dominated ofwomen takes the high time, is about 30-60 hoursper week and not paid (to 99 hours per week ifincluded parenting time). In which marriedcouples, wife majority use a lot of time inhousework, which is about 70% (Walker &Woods in Ollenburger & Moore 2002).Family labor, which also includes the urbanpoor, exacerbated by lack of money, poor dailyprotection, lack of economy, and lack ofautonomy at work hired, they pair must matcheach other duties of (Hochschild in Ollenburger& Moore 2002). Here, that the double burden ofwomen is more severe than in men caused bythe women labeling as domestic creatures(Widanti 2005:217). Where, on the family life ofworkers, women not only worked in thedomestic realm, but also are required to work inthe public domain, because the income is notenough. This opinion is supported also byHochschild (Ollenburger & Moore 2002:121),that women should work to get the wages formale partner was not enough to finance hisfamily's life.As a result of the division of labor based ongender, women are required to performdomestic chores / household (such as: washingdishes, laundry, babysitting, cleaning the house).Meanwhile, men are required to make a livingfor the family (public duties). This task will betough going on the urban poor who havetoward to sustain life in the city. Poor womennot only have a compulsory duty in thedomestic realm, but also they have to work inthe public domain. It is also suggested by Mead(1957) in Sajogjo (1983) that the burden is still onfamilies, because for all the work must be donealone. According to the Sari report (2004) that,for any full-time work (between 35-74 hours /week) is more widely accepted by men (71.6%)than women (48%), and the majority of workerswho work with the long hours (over 75 hours /week) was also female (44%).The high number of women who work in longhours to prove that women must work overtimeto cover / compensate for low wages shereceives. In the meantime, the small number offull time women worker is the result of necessityto do household work at the same time. In theUNFPA data (2002) cited in Kesrepro Dot Info(2003) that women in some countries to workwith working hours longer than men andprobably half of the total women working timewho used an unpaid job. To see double burdenconditions of women poor, captured data on thenumber of women poor who worked more than40 hours in one week. Typically workers whowork more than 40 hours of work is labor asfactory workers. if, assumed that working hoursbased on data from the UNFPA (2002 ) thatwomen in some countries to work with workinghours longer than men and probably half of thetotal working time of women who used anunpaid job.Thus, it is assumed that women working in thepublic s and the domestic sphere. Jobs in thepublic sphere are paid, while employment in thedomestic realm is not paid. Instead of men, inthe domestic realm with women, i.e. paidemployment, but not burdened domestic work,so there is no unpaid work for men. In thefamily, husband and wife worked, then the wifewho worked in the public sphere, should workwell in the domestic realm to serve her husbandand children. The job was never assessed orpaid, because it was already part of the work ofwomen and not men's workMETHODSThe research is qualitative research withparticipatory observation approach. Setting theassumption that all poor women of JakartaUrban area, has the same chance in life due tothe burden of Jakarta city development. Definethe poor women who become targets based onthe following characteristics:a. As a wage earner, mostly poor women threwthemselves on sectors such as marginal, asfactory workers, laundry workers, domesticservants, small traders (Westy 2008).b. Including vulnerable groups experiencingdomestic violence, whether it be physical,psychological, sexual, social, and negligenceof household (based on survey results in1122010/Fascicule 2/AprilJune /Tome III
ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERINGRegency Bandung by SAPA quoted in theWesty in 2008).c. Has a weight of work burden (burden),which must be borne in work productive theoutside home, because she still had to carryout productive activities in the house, likewashing, cooking, and parenting and childcare (official Setia MS 2003).d. Dependent on micro businesses, and powerrelations that suppress women's groups, inwhich "power press" not just come from theman or the domestic space, but the greatestemphasis instead come from the marketstructure (Dewayanti 2003).e. Working at jobs that do not require skills andcapital, as street vendors, and on this streettrade, women occupy the poorest places(Murray 1995:53).f. Do not have time to attend meetings ofsewing classes, cooking is formed by thevillage government (Murray 1995:94).g. Working without an employment contract,are required to work on holidays, was firedwhen pregnant (Murray 1995:118).h. For young women (single), more like workthan on money. With hope of a rich manwho will marry him and make him rich(Murray 1995:119).i. Choosing a job as a lower-class prostitutesand working in the bars of Jakarta who didnot cover charge, the places in the hotel, thedisco and bars area at the time of "ladiesnight" or working on a more formalconditions anymore, namely as a bar waiter( (Murray 1995:125).Based on the characteristics of poor women, thechosen four categories, namely: women whowork as domestic servants, women who workedas a waitress in a bar, women who work as streetvendors and women sex workers. Observationsmade during 7 months (January-September2007) by using the observation participatorymethodRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe Double Burden of Women asDomestic ServantThe Yaya main job other than as a housewife(domestic sphere), as well as providers, asdomestic servants (DS). DS is a man who workedat a paid domestic realm. According toconsumer theory, that the services, includingresources that can be marketed in the labormarket. However, the fact that housework isnaturally identified with the women work, is aform of division of labor based on gender(socially constructed) where the man ispositioned to do paid work and women doingunpaid work. Jobs categorized as domesticworkers in the informal sector jobs, theprotection they are outside the context of laborlaws. They are task considered natural womenand the community's view that the housework isa job without professional skills. Yaya worked asa housekeeper at the rooming house "GC", whileher husband worked as a "motorcycle taxi",based in locations around the area where Yayafamily lived (around the area Cikini market ofCentral Jakarta). Make a living and havedependents, the two main reasons that makeYaya work as domestic servant. Yaya's husbandwithout a job since the layoffs in 2001.The use of working time (domestic realm andthe public sphere) and the rest Yaya and herhusband, as described in Table 76 and Table 77below. Double burden may be interpreted as awork burden of women and men for money(wages), but also has the responsibility forhousehold work related to people who are notpaid (not paid). The double burdenphenomenon, tend to only be seen from the"wage system" course. Tend also the familieswho are able (rich), in which women not to workin the public sphere, but it only works in thedomestic sphere. In the lives of urban poorfamilies in the Jakarta city, women are forced totake part in the work in the public sphere. So thedouble burden is not only limited to the wagesystem alone. The results of the research analysisof urban poor families in Jakarta, obtainedphenomenon of double burden experienced byYaya to work as domestic workers, because oftwo factors, namely:Internal Factors. Internal factor caused bydivision of labor is measured in the use of Yayaand husband work time (domestic and public).Where Yaya more often used than the husband'sworking time. And both worked in the informalsector (irregular income).External factors. While external factors by workactivities in the public sphere, such as: wagesystem, working mechanism, and the risk ofemployment. Wage system that is incompatiblewith UMP DKI Jakarta and the lack of healthbenefits, vacation and holidays. Also, working2010/Fascicule 2/AprilJune /Tome III 113
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