In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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143must also be considered.• If the problems are caused by the way seed is collected and distributed inthe landscape, e.g. more or less erratic distribution of seed from “nonadapted’seed sources, the solution would be to support better practices.This can include improved use of locally well known (well adapted) seedsources that should be made available (physically and economically) –sometimes this will require initial propagation and distribution.• If improvement programmes have identified superior seed sources (orclones), but excessive use of these over a huge area causes concern, thendevelopment and support of genetically sound deployment strategies wouldbe the place to start.There are many factors to consider in any conservation strategy.Focus on the local problem seems essential, but many biological factors willalso influence the implementation of available options. Institutional aspects,availability of trained staff and economic resources are often the most criticalfactors when it comes to implementation of the conservation plans in the field.To summarise, in very general terms we find that evolutionaryconservation usually is more attractive than static conservation, and it is importantto consider which properties (fitness) are targets for conservation andimprovement. Further, we find that in vitro conservation seems to be of limiteduse for conservation of most tree species. Seed banks are a valuable tool forshort-term storage, but in most cases, the seed must sooner or later be transferredto other types of conservation (often within a year). We believe that combiningconservation and utilisation is important, especially when dealing with commercialspecies. Mobilising germplasm that at present is difficult to access sometimesseems to be the most straightforward and effective way to conserve a speciesex situ. If done carefully, domestication can often provide good protection ofthe genetic resource at both the between- and within- population levels. Landrehabilitation and buffer zone management may also provide good opportunitiesto bring ‘new’ local species into cultivation, and thereby provide high levels ofprotection. Still, it will not remove the need for in situ conservation and protectionof ecosystems, and ex situ conservation should never be seen as an exclusivealternative to in situ conservation in networks of protected areas.AcknowledgementWe would like to thank colleagues from our many partner organisations forcontributing with ideas and discussions. Kirsten Olesen is acknowledged forher linguistic review of the paper.Danida Forest Seed Centre is a non-profit organisation, which hasbeen working with transfer of know-how in sustainable management of genetic
144resources since 1969. Our programme is funded by the Danish InternationalDevelopement Assistance (Danida).ReferencesBawa, K.S. 1990. Plant-pollinator interactions in tropical rain forests. Annual Review of Ecologyand Systematics 21: 399-422.Bawa, K.S. 1992. Mating system, genetic differentiation, and speciation in tropical rain forestplants. Biotropica 24: 250-255.Bierwagen, R., Sao, K.Y., Dario F.R., & Ferreirra, M. 1996. Breeding programme for Zeyheriatuberculosa. In: Dieters, M.J. Matheson, A.C., Nikles, D.G., Harwood, C.E & Walker, S.M.(eds): Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry: pp. 27-30. Proc. QFRI-IUFROConf., Caloundra, Australia, 27 Oct-1 Nov. 1996.Bowes, B (eds) 1999. A Colour Atlas of Plant Propagation and Conservation. Manson Publishing.London.Burley, J. 1994. Balance between development and genetic conservation. In: Drysdale, R.M.,John, S.E.T., Yapa , A.C., (eds). Proceedings from International Symposium on GeneticConservation and Seed Production of Tropical Forest Tree Seed: 17-25. ASEAN-CanadianSeed Centre. Muaklek, ThailandButterfield, R.P., 1995. Promoting biodiversity: advances in evaluating native species forreforestation. Forest Ecology & Management 75: 111-121.Dawson, I & J. Were, 1999. Prunus africana: ex, circa, and in situ conservation of an endangeredmedicinal tree: a case study for conservation. In: Proceedings from the SAFORGEN workshopon conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in eastern and southernAfrica. Nairobi, Dec. 1999: x-xx. IPGRI, RomeDvorak, W.S. 1996. Integrating exploration, conservation and utilisation: threats and remedies inthe 21st century. In: Dieters, M.J., Matheson, A.C., Nikles, D.G., Harwood, C.E., & Walker,S.M. (eds). Tree Improvement for sustainable tropical forestry, QFRI-IUFRO Conference,Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 Oct.- 1 Nov. 1996, vol. 1: 19-26.Eriksson, G. 1994. Forest trees, conservation theory and methods. In: Genetic Resources inFarm Animals and Plants - Report from Research Symposium 27-29 May 1994. TemaNordpp. 1994:603.Eriksson, G., G. Namkoong, & Roberds, J.H., 1993. Dynamic gene conservation for uncertainfutures. Forest Ecology and Management 62: 15-37.FAO, 1988. Plant Genetic Resources - Their conservation in situ for human use. FAO, Rome.FAO, 1999. Report from The 11 th meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest GeneticResources. FAO, Rome.FAO/IPGRI/DFSC, 2001. Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources. Part 3: Conservation ofgenetic resources in planted forests. Draft. FAO & IPGRI, Rome and Danida Forest SeedCentre, Humlebaek, Denmark.FORRU, 1998. Forest for Future. Growing and Planting Native Trees for Restoring ForestEcosystems. Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Science Faculty, ChiangMai University, Thailand.Fourré, J.L., Berger, P., Niquet, L., André, P., 1997. Somatic embryogenesis and somaclonalvariation in Norway spruce: morphogenetic, cytogenetic and molecular approaches.Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94: 159-169.Frankel, O.H., Brown, A.H.D., & Burdon, J.J., 1995. The Conservation of Plant Diversity.Cambridge University Press.
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
Page 99 and 100: 92The ecologically- important tree
Page 101 and 102: 94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
Page 104 and 105: 97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
Page 106 and 107: frequency, and basal area of each s
Page 108 and 109: 101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
Page 110 and 111: 103With approximately US$340 millio
Page 112 and 113: 105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
Page 114 and 115: 107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
Page 116 and 117: 109in close partnership with severa
Page 118 and 119: 111Current StatusThe completion of
Page 120 and 121: 113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
Page 122 and 123: 115However, they should be more str
Page 124 and 125: 117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
Page 126 and 127: 119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
Page 128 and 129: 121established pre-conditions (sele
Page 130 and 131: 123Sub-program), indicating the adv
Page 132 and 133: Ex situ Conservation125
Page 134 and 135: Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
Page 136 and 137: Table 1.General advantages and disa
Page 138 and 139: 131It is a resource because it poss
Page 140 and 141: 133• The trees reproduce themselv
Page 142 and 143: 135species. This is obviously a ser
Page 144 and 145: 137between species. Loss of genetic
Page 146 and 147: 139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
Page 148 and 149: 141basis for future domestication o
Page 152 and 153: 145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
Page 154 and 155: 147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
Page 156 and 157: 149therefore, conservation of some
Page 158 and 159: 151The specific objectives of the p
Page 160 and 161: 153most important step in tree intr
Page 162 and 163: 155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
Page 164 and 165: 157the samples depend on the breedi
Page 166 and 167: 159Site selectionIn selecting sites
Page 168 and 169: 161The Status of ex situ Conservati
Page 170 and 171: 163establishment of a system of nat
Page 172 and 173: 165After a while, all these plantin
Page 174 and 175: 167planting activities were not ini
Page 176 and 177: 1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
Page 178 and 179: 171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
Page 180 and 181: 173conducted, particularly on roote
Page 182 and 183: 175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
Page 184 and 185: 177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
Page 186 and 187: 179Many attempts have been made to
Page 188 and 189: 181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
Page 190 and 191: 183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
Page 192 and 193: 185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
Page 194 and 195: 187A total of 41 species of diptero
Page 196 and 197: 189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
Page 198 and 199: Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
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209mating or reproductive system, o
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211collections of several natural p
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Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
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215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
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Population size and the conservatio
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219One needs to start with large nu
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221very little resistance is eviden
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223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
Page 426 and 427:
419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
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423Overall, growth and survival of
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425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
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427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
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429significant portion of the world
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431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
Page 452 and 453:
445Biological properties of the soi
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447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
Page 486 and 487:
479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
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483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
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Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
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533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
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537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
Page 546 and 547:
539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
Page 550 and 551:
543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
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551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
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553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
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569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
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571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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