In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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477the entire ecosystem, including soil microbial diversity, are protected andconserved.In addition to forestry uses, the role and potential of soil microbialdiversity in future biotechnological processes have attracted much interest.Even so, there is an obvious obstacle to their accurate assessment, since mostorganisms cannot be studied properly using current methods due to their unculturability.To overcome this barrier, ex situ conservation methods that consistof collections of permanently preserved living cultures of microorganisms shouldbe complemented by in situ approaches to ensure the conservation of currentlyun-culturable taxa. It is speculated that in the future, these sources of diversitymay contribute as important non-timber products of tropical rainforests.However, the skills required to exploit these values are beyond those of foresters,so integrated research activities should be conducted. Protected sites demarcatedfor in situ conservation activities for tropical tree species would also offerideal sites for in situ conservation of soil microbial diversity.Novel approaches using molecular methods offer many newopportunities to access these un-culturable sources of microbial diversity.Moreover, they also promise functional outcomes on how the diversity could beutilised. Limitations of sophisticated equipment and highly-skilled scientists andtechnicians required for investigating, identifying, and utilising these microbialresources in the less-developed tropical countries could be augmented throughmutual international collaborations.ReferencesAmann, R.I., Ludwig, W. & Schleifer, K. 1995. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detectionof individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiological Review 59, 143-169.Amann, R., Springer N., Ludwig, W., Gortz, H., & Schleifer, K. 1991. Identification in situ andphylogeny of uncultured bacterial endosymbionts, Nature 351, 161-164.Blake, J.A. & Bult, C.J. 1996. Biological Databases on the Internet. In: Ferraris, J.D. & Palumbi,C.R. (eds.) Molecular Zoology Wiley-Wiss Inc. NY.3-18.Borneman, J.S., Skroch, P.W., O’Sullivan, K.M., Paulus, J.A., Rumjanek, N.G., Jansen, J.L.,Nienhuis, J., & Tripplett, E.W. 1996. Molecular microbial diversity of an agricultural soil inWisconsin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62, 1935-1943.Borneman, J. & Tripplett, E.W. 1997. Molecular microbial diversity in soils from easternAmazonia: Evidence for unusual microorganisms and microbial population shifts associatedwith deforestation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 2647-2653.Bruns, T.D., Szaro, T.M., Gardes, M., Cullings, K. W., Pan, J. J., Taylor, D. L., Horton, T. R.,Kretzer, A., Garbelotto, M. & Liss, Y. 1998. A sequence database for the identification ofectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes by phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Ecology 7, 257-272.Cottrell, M.T., Moore, J.A., & Kirchman, D.L. 1999. Chitinase from un-cultured marinemicroorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 2553-2557.Cowan, D.A. 2000. Microbial genomes-the untapped resources. Trends in Biotechnology 18,14-16.
478Degens, B.P. 1998a. Decrease in microbial functional diversity does not result in correspondingchanges in decomposition under different moisture conditions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry30, 1989-2000.Degens, B.P. 1998b Microbial functional diversity can be influenced by the addition of simpleorganic substrate to soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30, 1981-1988.Degens, B.P. 1999. Catabolic response profiles differ between micro-organisms grown in soils.Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31, 475-477.Degens, B.P., & Harris, J.A. 1997. Development of a physiological approach to measuring thecatabolic diversity of soil microbial communities. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29, 1309-1320.Degens, B. P. & Vojuodic-Vukovic, M. 1999. A sampling strategy to Asses the effects of land useon microbial functional diversity in soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 593-601.Dewit, M.Y.L. & Klatser, P.R. 1994. Mycobacterium leprae isolates from different sources haveidentical sequences of the spacer regions between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA genes.Microbiology 140, 1983-1987.Espejo, R.T., & Romero, J. 1998. PAGE analysis of the heteroduplexes formed between PCRamplified16S rRNA genes: Estimation of sequence similarity and rDNA complexity.Microbiology 144, 1611-1617.Fields, C. 1992. Data exchange and inter-database communication in genome projects. Trends inBiotechnology 10, 58-61.Hattenschwiler, S. & Vitousek, P.M. 2000. The role of polyphenols in terrestrial ecosystemnutrient cycling. Trends in Research on Ecology and Evolutions 15, 238-242.Henne, A.R., Daniel, R., Schmitz, A., & Gottschalk, G. 1999. Construction of environmentalDNA libraries in Escherichia coli and screening for the presence of genes conferring utilizationof 4-hydroxybutyrate. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 3901-3907.Heywood, V.H. 1995. International biodiversity initiatives and the global biodiversityassessment (GBA). In: Allsopp, D., Colwell, R.R. & Hawksworth, D.L. (eds.) MicrobialDiversity and Ecosystem Function. CABI. 381-386 pp.Heuer, H., Hartung, K., Wieland, G., Kramer, I. & Smalla, K. 1999. Polynucleotide probes thattarget a hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial isolates correspondingto bands of community fingerprints. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 1045-1049.Hugenholtz, P., & Pace, N.R. 1996. Identifying microbial diversity in the naturalenvironment: a molecular phylogenetic approach. Trends in Biotechnology 14,190-197.Hugenholtz, P., Goebel, B.M., & Pace, N.R. 1998. Impact of culture-independent studieson the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity. Journal of Bacteriology180, 4765-4774.Jensen, M.A., Webster, J.A., & Strauss, N. 1993. Rapid identification of the bacteria on the basisof polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA spacer polymorphisms. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology 59, 945-952.Johnson, N.C., Tilman, D. & Wedin, D. 1992. Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungalcommunities. Ecology 73, 2034-2042.Kennedy, A.C., & Gewin, V.L. 1997. Soil microbial diversity : present and future considerations.Soil Science 162, 607-617.Kobinata, K. & Osada, H. 1998. Exploitation and a rapid detection method of bioactive compoundsfrom microorganisms. Proceeding of International conference on Asian Network on microbialresearches (ANMR).p. 247-254.Koide, R.T. 2000. Functional complementary in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. NewPhytologist 147, 233-235.
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
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Ex situ Conservation125
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Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
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Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
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155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
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157the samples depend on the breedi
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159Site selectionIn selecting sites
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161The Status of ex situ Conservati
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163establishment of a system of nat
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165After a while, all these plantin
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167planting activities were not ini
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1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
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171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
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173conducted, particularly on roote
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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
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177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
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179Many attempts have been made to
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181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
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183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
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185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
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187A total of 41 species of diptero
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189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
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Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
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209mating or reproductive system, o
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211collections of several natural p
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Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
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215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
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Population size and the conservatio
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219One needs to start with large nu
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221very little resistance is eviden
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223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
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419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
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423Overall, growth and survival of
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425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
Page 434 and 435: 427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
Page 436 and 437: 429significant portion of the world
Page 438 and 439: 431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
Page 440 and 441: 433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
Page 442 and 443: 435this study suggests that the val
Page 444 and 445: 437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
Page 446 and 447: Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
Page 448 and 449: 441three weeks prior to transplanti
Page 450 and 451: 443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
Page 452 and 453: 445Biological properties of the soi
Page 454 and 455: 447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
Page 456 and 457: 449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
Page 458 and 459: 451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
Page 460 and 461: 453Table 1. Species identified by I
Page 462 and 463: 455seed available from national or
Page 464 and 465: Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
Page 466 and 467: 459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
Page 468 and 469: 461preliminary study using an unive
Page 470 and 471: 463Nevertheless, inability to form
Page 472 and 473: 465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
Page 474 and 475: 467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
Page 476 and 477: 469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
Page 478 and 479: 471What is the meaning of diversity
Page 480 and 481: 473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
Page 482 and 483: 475Evidence of interest in internat
Page 486 and 487: 479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
Page 488 and 489: 481Additional Activities to Ex situ
Page 490 and 491: 483Results and DiscussionA hundred
Page 492 and 493: 485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
Page 494 and 495: Figure 5. Interaction between prove
Page 496 and 497: 489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
Page 498 and 499: 491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
Page 500 and 501: 493including polyphosphate, glycoge
Page 502 and 503: 495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
Page 504 and 505: 497Similar to the pattern found for
Page 506 and 507: Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
Page 508 and 509: 501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Page 510 and 511: 503Population Genetic Study of Shor
Page 512 and 513: 505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
Page 514 and 515: 507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
Page 516 and 517: Study on Reproductive Phenology of
Page 518 and 519: 511Considering the difficulty of E.
Page 520 and 521: 513Table 1. Developmental phase of
Page 522 and 523: 5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
Page 524 and 525: 517During 65 days of enlargement pr
Page 526 and 527: 519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
Page 528 and 529: 521temperature stimulated floral in
Page 530 and 531: 5231989). Such foraging behavior al
Page 532 and 533: Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
Page 534 and 535:
527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
Page 536 and 537:
Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
Page 538 and 539:
531These h 2 estimates ranged from
Page 540 and 541:
533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
Page 544 and 545:
537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
Page 546 and 547:
539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
Page 548 and 549:
541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
Page 550 and 551:
543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
Page 554 and 555:
547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
Page 556 and 557:
549• The establishment of planted
Page 558 and 559:
551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
Page 560 and 561:
553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
Page 564 and 565:
557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
Page 572 and 573:
Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
Page 576 and 577:
569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
Page 578:
571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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