In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree improvement is now a widely practiced forest management activityin over 40 countries, worldwide. Forest tree improvement is generally recognizedas the most effective and profitable management technique available. In manyof the early tree improvement programs, predicted gain in volume or valuecould reach 20-30%; indeed, in some cases these are being obtained at the firststage of simple, mass selection (Hardiyanto, 1990). Talbert reported that fromone generation’s selection in loblolly pine the predicted gains achieved were 17,12, and 32% for height, volume, and harvest value, respectively.The predicted gain in stem straightness for Pinus merkusii was highand was comparable to those for other Pinus species. Based on the resultsfrom our half-sib progeny tests, significant genetic improvement for Pinusmerkusii is feasible (Suseno, 1988).Tree improvement programs with ampupu and teak seem promising aswell. In ampupu, differences among provenances were found to be very large.For example, the best provenances grew 27% faster than the mean (Andjalmo,1987).Tree improvement programs in the tropics are potentially more attractivethan those with temperate zone trees, since tropical tree species generally havefaster growth and shorter reproductive rotations. The potential genetic gainscould be considerable in some species. So even though forest tree improvementis relatively new in Indonesia, there have been some significant positive results,to date, and both progress and prospects seem satisfactory. The number offoresters now interested in forest tree improvement has increased significantly.The Universities have produced some tree breeders who have found good,well-paying positions.It is of interest to also note that the Ministry of Forestry has maintaineda strong interest in tree improvement programs. In 1994, the Ministry of Forestryopened the “Research and Development Center for Forest Biotechnology andTree Improvement”, supported by JICA and located at Purwobinangun,Yogyakarta. In 1998, the Ministry of Forestry also opened the “Teak Center”located at Cepu and many if not most of the activities there relate to geneticimprovement of that species.Most of the Indonesian tree improvement work has thus far beeninitiated and funded by the Ministry of Forestry and/or the State Owned ForestCompanies. Recently however, several private companies engaged in industrialforest plantation management have started their own tree improvementprograms. We can learn much from the experiences of other countries such asthe USA, where cooperative forest tree improvement programs such as those
260in Florida, Michigan, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas bring together scientistsand managers from the academic, industry, and government to address commonissues and opportunities. Such cooperative organizations may be worthconsidering at national or even regional levels in the tropics to promote teamworkand sharing of scientific knowledge, and to help solve problems of logistics andfunding.ReferencesAndjalmo, A. S. 1987. Evaluasi pertumbuhan meninggi dan keliling uji provenance Eucalyptusurophylla ST Blake umur 3,14, dan 24 bulan di Wanagama. Unpublished thesis S1. FakultasKehutanan UGM.Critchfield, W. B. & Little, E.L. Jr. 1966. Geographic Distribution of the Pinus of the World.USDA Forest Service. Misc. Publ. 991. 97p.Danarto, S., Na’iem, M., Hardiyanto, E.B., Suseno, O. H., & Soekotjo. 1999. Advances from thebreeding program of Pinus merkusii and Tectona grandis. Meeting of the Working Group onSustainable Forest Management. Ministry of Forestry & Estate Crops Republic of Indonesia,CGIF, GTZ. SMCP in cooperation with JICA. Yogyakarta March 24 – 25 1999.Faculty of Forestry GMU. 1994. Progress Report on Seedling Seed Orchard of Pinus merkusii(unpublished).Hanover, J. W. 1990. Tree improvement and biotechnology in the United States and implicationfor Indonesia. Seminar on Biotechnology. Gadjah Mada University YogyakartaHardiyanto, E. B. 1990. Tree application of forest tree improvement and biotechnology inIndonesia. Symposium on Biotechnology for Forest Tree Improvement. Bogor, Indonesia.Hardiyanto, E. B. 1996. The status of genetic resources utilization for industrial forest plantationsin Indonesia. Proceeding of International Seminar on Tropical Plantation Establishment –Improving Productivity Through Genetic Practices. FTIRDI and JICA. Yogyakarta.Hardiyanto, E. B. & Na’iem, M. 2001. Present status of conservation, utilization and managementof forest genetic resources in Indonesia. South East Asia – Moving Workshop in Thailand.Harsono. 2000. Strategi dan kebijaksanaan di hutan produksi. In: Djoko Marsono, AchmadSulthoni dan Supriyadi (eds.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Keharusan Konservasi dalamPeningkatan Produktivitas dan Pelestarian Hutan Produksi. Yogyakarta, 26 – 27 Mei 2000.Mirov, N. T. 1967. The Genus Pinus. Ronald Press Company, New York. 602p.Morgenstern, E. K; Holst, M.J; Teich, A.H & Yeatman, CW. 1975. Plus Tree Selection: Reviewand Outlook . Dept. Env. Can. For Serv. Pub. No. 1347. Ottawa. 68 p.Perum Perhutani. 1995. Tree improvement in Perum Perhutani’s Division of Planning andDevelopment. Proceedings of Seminar on Integrated Forest Tree Improvement Program.FTRDI and JICA. Yogyakarta.Poedjorahardjo, 1998. Pembangunan Pusat Pengembangan Jati Perum Perhutani: re-orientasipembangunan kehutanan dari visi ke aksi. Seminar dan Reuni Fak. Kehutanan UGMYogyakarta.Sadhardjo. 2001. Menuju Pengembangan Perhutanan Klon Jati. Seminar Sehari Peletakan Dasardasardan Strategi Pemuliaan Pohon Hutan di Indonesia. Fakultas Kehutanan UGM,YogyakartaSuseno, O. H. 1988. Genetic Variation and Improvement of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese.Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation.Suseno, O. H. & Na’iem, M. 1999. Forest tree improvement in Indonesia. Meeting with Mr.Osamu Tando for the visit of experts from Hubai Province Forest Tree Improvement China
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
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Ex situ Conservation125
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Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
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Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
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155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
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157the samples depend on the breedi
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159Site selectionIn selecting sites
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161The Status of ex situ Conservati
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163establishment of a system of nat
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165After a while, all these plantin
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167planting activities were not ini
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1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
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171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
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173conducted, particularly on roote
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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
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177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
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179Many attempts have been made to
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181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
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183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
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185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
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187A total of 41 species of diptero
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189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
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Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
Page 216 and 217: 209mating or reproductive system, o
Page 218 and 219: 211collections of several natural p
Page 220 and 221: Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
Page 222 and 223: 215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
Page 224 and 225: Population size and the conservatio
Page 226 and 227: 219One needs to start with large nu
Page 228 and 229: 221very little resistance is eviden
Page 230 and 231: 223Maintenance of genetic diversity
Page 232 and 233: 225used to establish a gene resourc
Page 234 and 235: 227Selection and mating proceduresG
Page 236 and 237: 229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
Page 238 and 239: 231Current Status of Tree Improveme
Page 240 and 241: 233(1) determine genetic variation
Page 242 and 243: 235Production Forests, Large-Scale
Page 244 and 245: 237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
Page 246 and 247: 239SpeciesBased on species/group of
Page 248 and 249: 241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
Page 250 and 251: 243First Generation Breeding Strate
Page 252 and 253: 245Table 5. Individual and Family H
Page 254 and 255: 247full-sib mating (single or doubl
Page 256 and 257: Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
Page 258 and 259: 251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
Page 260 and 261: 253in traditional medicine. The bar
Page 262 and 263: 255Education, TrainingTraining is a
Page 264 and 265: 257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
Page 268 and 269: 261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
Page 270 and 271: 263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
Page 272 and 273: 265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
Page 274 and 275: 267per subpopulation has been recom
Page 276 and 277: 269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
Page 278 and 279: 271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
Page 280 and 281: 273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
Page 282 and 283: 275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
Page 284 and 285: 277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
Page 286 and 287: 279Tree improvement costs include a
Page 288 and 289: 281inbreeding. There is improved ga
Page 290 and 291: 283that one is often faced in an ap
Page 292 and 293: 285In order to quantify the effecti
Page 294 and 295: 287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
Page 296 and 297: Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
Page 298 and 299: 291can neither rely solely upon see
Page 300 and 301: 293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
Page 302 and 303: 295Potential for Combining a Tree I
Page 304 and 305: 297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
Page 306 and 307: 299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
Page 308 and 309: 301dispersal within populations. Mi
Page 310 and 311: 303The outcrossing rate varied grea
Page 312 and 313: 305and some dipterocarpous species
Page 314 and 315: 307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
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419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
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423Overall, growth and survival of
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425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
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427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
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429significant portion of the world
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431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
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445Biological properties of the soi
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447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
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479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
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483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
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Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
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533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
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537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
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539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
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543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
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551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
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553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
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569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
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571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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