In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation area during 1962-1967, TritreungPlantation StationPlantingYearArea(ha)Budget(ThaiBaht)1962 8 34,0001963 16 44,0001964 19 49,0001965 19 41,9231966 4.5 49,8721967 18 17,000Total 84.5 235,795remainingarea todaySupervisorMr. Prasert PakdeeMr. Prasert PakdeeMr. Thammasak SuwapatMr. Thammasak SuwapatMr. Prasert PakdeeMr. Prasert PakdeeSource: Nakhon Sawan Regional Forest Office, 19868Remarks1. D. alatus trees planted during1963-1967 were damaged byfire and the area was substitutedwith teak.2. Data from Nakorn SawanRegional Forest Office wastransferred to SilvicultureResearch Center No. 5 inKampaeng Phet, in 1996.Apart from the plantation at Tritreung, there are four other smallplantations and two roadside plantings of D. alatus that have been used forgene conservation purposes and were mainly used as additional seed sourcesby RFD (Table 2)Table 2. Major ex situ gene conservation sources of D.alatus by the RFDNo. Site Location Status Area(ha)1. Bang Saphan Noi Bang Saphan Noi DistrictPrachuab Khiri Khan Province2. Reforestation Researchand Training StationWang Naam Khaew DistrictNakhon RatchasimaProvinceExperimental 0.16plot(Undisturbed)Gene bank 1.6Remarks3. Paa Huay Khayaeng Tong Phaaphum District Plantation 0.16Kanchanaburi Province (Undisturbed)4. Taa Yaang Petchaburi Taa Yaang DistrictPetchaburi Province- Planting alongroadside5. Sarapee Forest CheckPointNhong Phueng districtChiang Mai province- Planting alongroadside6. Kew Tubyang Mae Chan districtPlantationChiang Rai provinceTotal 1.92Plantation of D. alatus by Forest Industry Organization (FIO)FIO, a semi-government organization, has established plantations for industrialpurposes. Although D. alatus was not a main species for plantation by FIO, D.alatus was planted both as pure stands and in mixed stands in an agroforestrysystem. The plantation of D. alatus was established at Lang Suan district,Chumphon province in 1977 on an area of 22 rai (3.52 ha) and at Somdet
176Reforestation Station, Somdet district, Kalasin province during 1976-1977 invarious planting systems such as pure stand, mixed stand with other tree speciesand mixed with cash crops (cassava) with 2mX8m spacing. The growth dataof some D. alatus plantation is given in Table 3.Table 3. Growth of D. alatus plantation of FIO at SomdetReforestation Station, Somdet district, Kalasin provincePlantingyearAgeSpacing(mxm)Plantingarea(ha)Source: Forest Industry Organization, 1999DBH(cm)Plantation of Plywood D. alatus by The Thai Plywood Company (Limited)The Thai Plywood Company (Limited) or TPC (Ltd.) is one of the semigovernmentalorganizations under Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperativeswhich utilizes a massive amount of D. alatus and some other dipterocarp timbersas raw materials for producing plywood and fiber board. In the past, thesetimbers were mainly from natural stands. The TPC (Ltd.) later established theD. alatus plantation as reserved stocks for future supply. The plantationsestablished by the TPC (Ltd.) were not large in scale but were forexperimentation at Huay Rabum Plantation, Lansak district, Uthai Thani provinceand at Ladkrating Plantation, Sanamchaikhet district, Chachoengsao province.The investigation of growth at both sites was carried out in 1997 and 1998respectively and the results are shown in Table 4.Table 4. Growth of D. alatus in experimental plantation by ThaiPlywood Company (Limited)Total 9.40Source: Thai Plywood Company (Limited) 1999Remarks1977 14 2x8 144 82.84 Mixed planting with Pterocarpusmarcrocarpus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis1978 13 2x8 1.6 51.42 Pure stand1979 12 2x8 168 52.78 Mixed planting with Pterocarpusmarcrocarpus, Eucalyptus camaldulensisPlantationHuay Rabum,Uthai ThaniprovinceLadkrating,ChachoengsaoprovincePlanting yearAgeSpacing(mxm)Planting area(ha)Ht(m)DBH(cm)Remarks1980 17 2x4 0.32 11.61 13.57 Planted in partlythinned Meliaazedarachplantation1996 1 2x2 3.52 - - Pure stand197319923664x42x40.724.8418.725.2028.346.92Pure standPlanted in partlythinned Meliaazedarachplantation
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
Page 132 and 133: Ex situ Conservation125
Page 134 and 135: Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
Page 136 and 137: Table 1.General advantages and disa
Page 138 and 139: 131It is a resource because it poss
Page 140 and 141: 133• The trees reproduce themselv
Page 142 and 143: 135species. This is obviously a ser
Page 144 and 145: 137between species. Loss of genetic
Page 146 and 147: 139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
Page 148 and 149: 141basis for future domestication o
Page 150 and 151: 143must also be considered.• If t
Page 152 and 153: 145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
Page 154 and 155: 147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
Page 156 and 157: 149therefore, conservation of some
Page 158 and 159: 151The specific objectives of the p
Page 160 and 161: 153most important step in tree intr
Page 162 and 163: 155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
Page 164 and 165: 157the samples depend on the breedi
Page 166 and 167: 159Site selectionIn selecting sites
Page 168 and 169: 161The Status of ex situ Conservati
Page 170 and 171: 163establishment of a system of nat
Page 172 and 173: 165After a while, all these plantin
Page 174 and 175: 167planting activities were not ini
Page 176 and 177: 1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
Page 178 and 179: 171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
Page 180 and 181: 173conducted, particularly on roote
Page 184 and 185: 177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
Page 186 and 187: 179Many attempts have been made to
Page 188 and 189: 181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
Page 190 and 191: 183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
Page 192 and 193: 185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
Page 194 and 195: 187A total of 41 species of diptero
Page 196 and 197: 189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
Page 198 and 199: Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
Page 200 and 201: 193Practical Experience with Ex sit
Page 202 and 203: 195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
Page 204 and 205: 197Isolation from contaminating pol
Page 206 and 207: 199clear where dead trees were loca
Page 208 and 209: 201What is the Conservation Value o
Page 210 and 211: 2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
Page 212 and 213: 205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
Page 214 and 215: 207Genetical Studies for Conservati
Page 216 and 217: 209mating or reproductive system, o
Page 218 and 219: 211collections of several natural p
Page 220 and 221: Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
Page 222 and 223: 215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
Page 224 and 225: Population size and the conservatio
Page 226 and 227: 219One needs to start with large nu
Page 228 and 229: 221very little resistance is eviden
Page 230 and 231: 223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
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419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
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423Overall, growth and survival of
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425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
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427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
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429significant portion of the world
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431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
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445Biological properties of the soi
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447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
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479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
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483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
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Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
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533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
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537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
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539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
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543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
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551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
Page 560 and 561:
553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
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569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
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571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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