In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

More documents

Recommendations

Info

179Many attempts have been made to produce D. alatus seedlings throughtissue culture but with no success inducing roots of the seedlings (Boontaweeet al. 1993). Various cutting techniques offer another satisfactory alternativefor producing D. alatus plants (Soonhuae & Limpiyaprapant 1996).In situ conservation of D. alatus in ThailandDue to extensive use of D. alatus wood in the past decades, natural standshave declined continuously, resulting in decreased genetic resources. At present,most D. alatus stands are limited to protected areas such as national parks,wildlife sanctuaries, or forest parks where they have strict laws and regulations.However, many attempts have been made to maintain D. alatus by alsoestablishing an in situ conservation program in the Royal Forest Department in1999. The program, basically, emphasizes ecosystem biology of existing D.alatus populations in the protected area, which possess high potential as geneticresources. Investigations focus on the natural distribution, growth performance,natural regeneration, and protection of the species.Another possibility for expanding in situ gene conservation programsfor D. alatus may be to include other existing natural stands found scatteredabout in the reserve forests and in public areas such as temples or schools.These stands are normally in high-risk areas and are reserved as seed productionareas for the RFD’s Nursery Division. When compared to the RFD in situprogram in the protected areas, these stands, even though are of less potentialfor gene conservation, still have significant importance and genetic value, andmay contribute to providing a broader genetic base for D. alatus in Thailand.Some of these promising D. alatus stands are listed in Table 7. However, onlythe most basic information has been received at this time, particularly related tonatural distribution and disturbance status. Further information on detailedgenetic aspects may help to determine whether or not all of these stands of D.alatus represent a supplemental genetic resource, aside from being used asseed production areas.
180Table 7. Gene resources of D. alatus Roxb. in ThailandNo. Site Location Status Area(ha*)1. Paa Khao Phra LeuTong Pha Phum District Natural forest 200Si-Khao Bo RaeKanchanaburi Province(Disturbed)2. Forest Protection UnitChaiya districtNatural forest 0.8No. ST 15 (Chaiya)Surat Thani province3. Paa Klang Ao Bang Saphan DistrictNatural forest 192Prachuab Khiri Khan Province (Disturbed)4. Wat Koo Phra Konaa Suwannaphum DistrictRoi Et ProvinceNatural forest(Undisturbed)325. Kosampee Forest Park Kosumpisai DistrictMaha Sarakham Province6. Tri Treung plantation Muang DistrictKamphaeng Phet Province7. Paa Wang Chao-WangChompooKosampee Nakhon Branchdistrict,Kamphaeng PhetProvince8. Baan Wang Yaang Muang DistrictKanchanaburi Province9. Paa Khao Phuuluang Wang Naam Khaew DistrictNakhon Ratchasima Province10. Nakhon Chai Borworn Forest Phoe Talae DistrictParkPhichit Province11. Dong Faa Huan Muang District UbonRatchatani Province12. Nhong Sanom Muang District,Rayong Province13. Khao Yai National Park Pakplee districtNakhon Nayok province14. Paa Wang Naam Kheaw Paktongchai DistrictNakhon Ratchasima Province15. Tub Larn National Park Kornburi DistrictNakhon Ratchasima Province16. Mae Salad-Pong Daeng Ban Tak districtNational Reserved Forest Tak province17. Paa Huay Khayaeng Tong Phaaphum DistrictKanchanaburi Province18. Ban Nhong Chiang Kaa Sam Ngao districtPublic AreaTak province19. Paa Phangai Huay Tubtan- Sangkhla DistrictKumphode (Nhong Koo) Surin Province20. Ram Kamhaeng/Paa Khao Khirimas districtLaung National ParkSukhothai province21. Forest Protection UnitWang Thong districtNo. PL6 (Panchalee)Phitsanulok province22. Nursery Center Pattani Koke Phoe districtprovincePattani province23. Paa Mae Jun Nation Reserved Jun districtForestPhayao province24. Forest Management Unit Klong Naam Paad districtTron Paa Klong Tron National Uttaradit provinceReserved Forest Phang KhaawNatural forest(Undisturbed)Plantation(Undisturbed)Natural forest(Undisturbed)Natural forest 64(Undisturbed)Natural forest 8(Undisturbed)Natural forest 172.8(Undisturbed)Natural forest 352(SlightlyDisturbed)Natural forest 35.68(Disturbed)Natural forest 100Natural forest 2.4(Undisturbed)Natural forest 12.8(Disturbed)Natural forest >480Natural forest 90.4(Disturbed)Natural forest 8Natural forest 3.2(Disturbed)Natural forest 0.64888Natural forest 8Natural forest 1.6Natural forest 30.2Natural forest 8025. Forest Protection Unit Saena Nikom district Natural forest 5.626. Paa Chiang Rai.Mae Saruay districtNatural forest 16Experimental StationMae Lao National ReservedForest – Phang SaiChiang Rai provinceTotal 1,920.12source: Boontawee, 1999
Page 2 and 3:
In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
Page 4 and 5:
ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
Page 6:
Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
Page 9 and 10:
2as discussed earlier, dominant for
Page 14 and 15:
particularly true of those forest s
Page 16:
In situ Conservation9
Page 19:
12Background - the world’s forest
Page 23 and 24:
16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
Page 25 and 26:
18to cover the degree to which the
Page 27 and 28:
20Regional Forest Assessment proces
Page 29 and 30:
22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
Page 31 and 32:
24resources, are the key actions ne
Page 33 and 34:
26Engagement between public and pri
Page 35 and 36:
28has been made with other storage
Page 37 and 38:
30The scale of a bioregion will ref
Page 39 and 40:
32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
Page 41 and 42:
34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
Page 43 and 44:
36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
Page 45 and 46:
38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
Page 47 and 48:
406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
Page 49 and 50:
42in national development are consi
Page 51 and 52:
44focus of these conservation effor
Page 53 and 54:
46Anticipating a worsening conditio
Page 55 and 56:
48Forestry official could reach the
Page 57 and 58:
50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
Page 60 and 61:
53Status of In Situ Conservation of
Page 62 and 63:
55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
Page 64 and 65:
Table 4. Areas under National Parks
Page 66 and 67:
Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
Page 68 and 69:
61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
Page 70 and 71:
appropriate method and time for see
Page 72 and 73:
65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
Page 74:
Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
Page 77 and 78:
70sub-marginal forest (includes the
Page 79 and 80:
72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
Page 81 and 82:
74Government policy initiatives and
Page 83 and 84:
76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
Page 85 and 86:
78In situ conservationThis conserva
Page 87 and 88:
80biodiversity conservation measure
Page 89 and 90:
82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
Page 91 and 92:
84losses of forestlands in Thailand
Page 93 and 94:
86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
Page 95 and 96:
88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
Page 97 and 98:
90A species area curve index was co
Page 99 and 100:
92The ecologically- important tree
Page 101 and 102:
94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
Page 104 and 105:
97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
Page 106 and 107:
frequency, and basal area of each s
Page 108 and 109:
101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
Page 110 and 111:
103With approximately US$340 millio
Page 112 and 113:
105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
Page 114 and 115:
107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
Page 116 and 117:
109in close partnership with severa
Page 118 and 119:
111Current StatusThe completion of
Page 120 and 121:
113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
Page 122 and 123:
115However, they should be more str
Page 124 and 125:
117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
Page 126 and 127:
119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
Page 128 and 129:
121established pre-conditions (sele
Page 130 and 131:
123Sub-program), indicating the adv
Page 132 and 133:
Ex situ Conservation125
Page 134 and 135:
Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
Page 136 and 137: Table 1.General advantages and disa
Page 138 and 139: 131It is a resource because it poss
Page 140 and 141: 133• The trees reproduce themselv
Page 142 and 143: 135species. This is obviously a ser
Page 144 and 145: 137between species. Loss of genetic
Page 146 and 147: 139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
Page 148 and 149: 141basis for future domestication o
Page 150 and 151: 143must also be considered.• If t
Page 152 and 153: 145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
Page 154 and 155: 147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
Page 156 and 157: 149therefore, conservation of some
Page 158 and 159: 151The specific objectives of the p
Page 160 and 161: 153most important step in tree intr
Page 162 and 163: 155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
Page 164 and 165: 157the samples depend on the breedi
Page 166 and 167: 159Site selectionIn selecting sites
Page 168 and 169: 161The Status of ex situ Conservati
Page 170 and 171: 163establishment of a system of nat
Page 172 and 173: 165After a while, all these plantin
Page 174 and 175: 167planting activities were not ini
Page 176 and 177: 1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
Page 178 and 179: 171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
Page 180 and 181: 173conducted, particularly on roote
Page 182 and 183: 175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
Page 184 and 185: 177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
Page 188 and 189: 181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
Page 190 and 191: 183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
Page 192 and 193: 185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
Page 194 and 195: 187A total of 41 species of diptero
Page 196 and 197: 189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
Page 198 and 199: Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
Page 200 and 201: 193Practical Experience with Ex sit
Page 202 and 203: 195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
Page 204 and 205: 197Isolation from contaminating pol
Page 206 and 207: 199clear where dead trees were loca
Page 208 and 209: 201What is the Conservation Value o
Page 210 and 211: 2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
Page 212 and 213: 205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
Page 214 and 215: 207Genetical Studies for Conservati
Page 216 and 217: 209mating or reproductive system, o
Page 218 and 219: 211collections of several natural p
Page 220 and 221: Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
Page 222 and 223: 215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
Page 224 and 225: Population size and the conservatio
Page 226 and 227: 219One needs to start with large nu
Page 228 and 229: 221very little resistance is eviden
Page 230 and 231: 223Maintenance of genetic diversity
Page 232 and 233: 225used to establish a gene resourc
Page 234 and 235: 227Selection and mating proceduresG
Page 236 and 237:
229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
Page 238 and 239:
231Current Status of Tree Improveme
Page 240 and 241:
233(1) determine genetic variation
Page 242 and 243:
235Production Forests, Large-Scale
Page 244 and 245:
237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
Page 246 and 247:
239SpeciesBased on species/group of
Page 248 and 249:
241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
Page 250 and 251:
243First Generation Breeding Strate
Page 252 and 253:
245Table 5. Individual and Family H
Page 254 and 255:
247full-sib mating (single or doubl
Page 256 and 257:
Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
Page 258 and 259:
251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
Page 260 and 261:
253in traditional medicine. The bar
Page 262 and 263:
255Education, TrainingTraining is a
Page 264 and 265:
257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
Page 266 and 267:
259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
Page 268 and 269:
261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
Page 270 and 271:
263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
Page 272 and 273:
265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
Page 274 and 275:
267per subpopulation has been recom
Page 276 and 277:
269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
Page 278 and 279:
271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
Page 280 and 281:
273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
Page 282 and 283:
275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
Page 284 and 285:
277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
Page 286 and 287:
279Tree improvement costs include a
Page 288 and 289:
281inbreeding. There is improved ga
Page 290 and 291:
283that one is often faced in an ap
Page 292 and 293:
285In order to quantify the effecti
Page 294 and 295:
287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
Page 296 and 297:
Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
Page 298 and 299:
291can neither rely solely upon see
Page 300 and 301:
293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
Page 302 and 303:
295Potential for Combining a Tree I
Page 304 and 305:
297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
Page 306 and 307:
299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
Page 308 and 309:
301dispersal within populations. Mi
Page 310 and 311:
303The outcrossing rate varied grea
Page 312 and 313:
305and some dipterocarpous species
Page 314 and 315:
307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
Page 316 and 317:
309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
Page 318 and 319:
311Kapur is one of several local sp
Page 320 and 321:
313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
Page 322 and 323:
315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
Page 324 and 325:
317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
Page 326 and 327:
319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
Page 328 and 329:
321Genetic differentiation and gene
Page 330 and 331:
323morphological and physiological
Page 332 and 333:
A Study of Genetic Variation Using
Page 334 and 335:
327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
Page 336 and 337:
329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
Page 338 and 339:
331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
Page 340 and 341:
333Microsatellite markersFour micro
Page 342 and 343:
335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
Page 344 and 345:
337Sampling strategyThe objective o
Page 346 and 347:
339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
Page 348 and 349:
341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
Page 350 and 351:
343clear band observed. These resul
Page 352 and 353:
345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
Page 354 and 355:
347Guiana tropical forest. American
Page 356 and 357:
Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
Page 358 and 359:
351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
Page 360 and 361:
353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
Page 362 and 363:
355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
Page 364 and 365:
357determining mating systems and p
Page 366 and 367:
359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
Page 368 and 369:
Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
Page 370 and 371:
363manan indicated that there were
Page 372 and 373:
365apparently not encountered. The
Page 374 and 375:
367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
Page 376 and 377:
369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
Page 378 and 379:
371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
Page 380 and 381:
373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
Page 382 and 383:
375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
Page 384 and 385:
Estimation of Genetic Variation of
Page 386 and 387:
379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
Page 388 and 389:
381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
Page 390 and 391:
383The genetic diversity (mean expe
Page 392 and 393:
Forest Plantation385
Page 394 and 395:
Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
Page 396 and 397:
389The forests in the continental r
Page 398 and 399:
391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
Page 400 and 401:
393Besides damage to vegetation, th
Page 402 and 403:
395services and biodiversity, may n
Page 404 and 405:
397forest and agriculture on the sa
Page 406 and 407:
399If forest reserves are ever to p
Page 408 and 409:
401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
Page 410 and 411:
403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
Page 412 and 413:
405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
Page 414 and 415:
407Seed (whenever available, mostly
Page 416 and 417:
409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
Page 418 and 419:
411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
Page 420 and 421:
413the replanting areas are signifi
Page 422 and 423:
415As a comparison, the following d
Page 424 and 425:
417with natural replanting. Also, o
Page 426 and 427:
419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
Page 428 and 429:
421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
Page 430 and 431:
423Overall, growth and survival of
Page 432 and 433:
425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
Page 434 and 435:
427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
Page 436 and 437:
429significant portion of the world
Page 438 and 439:
431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
Page 440 and 441:
433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
Page 442 and 443:
435this study suggests that the val
Page 444 and 445:
437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
Page 446 and 447:
Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
Page 448 and 449:
441three weeks prior to transplanti
Page 450 and 451:
443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
Page 452 and 453:
445Biological properties of the soi
Page 454 and 455:
447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
Page 456 and 457:
449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
Page 458 and 459:
451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
Page 460 and 461:
453Table 1. Species identified by I
Page 462 and 463:
455seed available from national or
Page 464 and 465:
Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
Page 466 and 467:
459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
Page 468 and 469:
461preliminary study using an unive
Page 470 and 471:
463Nevertheless, inability to form
Page 472 and 473:
465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
Page 474 and 475:
467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
Page 476 and 477:
469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
Page 478 and 479:
471What is the meaning of diversity
Page 480 and 481:
473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
Page 482 and 483:
475Evidence of interest in internat
Page 484 and 485:
477the entire ecosystem, including
Page 486 and 487:
479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
Page 488 and 489:
481Additional Activities to Ex situ
Page 490 and 491:
483Results and DiscussionA hundred
Page 492 and 493:
485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
Page 494 and 495:
Figure 5. Interaction between prove
Page 496 and 497:
489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
Page 498 and 499:
491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
Page 500 and 501:
493including polyphosphate, glycoge
Page 502 and 503:
495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
Page 504 and 505:
497Similar to the pattern found for
Page 506 and 507:
Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
Page 508 and 509:
501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Page 510 and 511:
503Population Genetic Study of Shor
Page 512 and 513:
505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
Page 514 and 515:
507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
Page 516 and 517:
Study on Reproductive Phenology of
Page 518 and 519:
511Considering the difficulty of E.
Page 520 and 521:
513Table 1. Developmental phase of
Page 522 and 523:
5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
Page 524 and 525:
517During 65 days of enlargement pr
Page 526 and 527:
519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
Page 528 and 529:
521temperature stimulated floral in
Page 530 and 531:
5231989). Such foraging behavior al
Page 532 and 533:
Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
Page 534 and 535:
527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
Page 536 and 537:
Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
Page 538 and 539:
531These h 2 estimates ranged from
Page 540 and 541:
533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
Page 544 and 545:
537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
Page 546 and 547:
539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
Page 548 and 549:
541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
Page 550 and 551:
543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
Page 552 and 553:
545of protected forestlands, includ
Page 554 and 555:
547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
Page 556 and 557:
549• The establishment of planted
Page 558 and 559:
551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
Page 560 and 561:
553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
Page 562 and 563:
5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
Page 564 and 565:
557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
Page 566 and 567:
Appendix559
Page 568 and 569:
International Conference onex situ
Page 570 and 571:
563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
Page 572 and 573:
Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
Page 574 and 575:
567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
Page 576 and 577:
569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
Page 578:
571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
show all

In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?