In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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383The genetic diversity (mean expected heterozygosity over the 4 loci)in the hedge-orchard was slightly lower than that in the Jambi population.However, it should be noted that only 4 microsatellite loci were used in thisstudy, and they did not always indicate lower genetic diversity in the hedgeorchard(Table 1). One locus (Shc01) showed much lower heterozygosity, andone (Shc04) showed a slightly lower value in the hedge-orchard. On the contrary,Shc03 had a much higher value, and Shc09 also showed a slightly higher value.Considering these results, genetic diversity in the hedge-orchard may not belower than that of the natural population. This should be confirmed with greaternumbers of loci, using the natural population in the Berau region.The dendrogram constructed using RAPD data indicates the existenceof some groups consisting of closely related individuals within the hedge-orchard(Fig. 2). Trees in the same group may be derived from one and/or some relatedmother trees. RAPD data also suggested that not all the individuals in thehedge-orchard are related, since the genetic distances within the hedge-orchardwere variable (0.28 to 0.76) compared to those within the ex situ conservationsite (0.50 to 0.59). These results suggest that there are some genetically closelyrelated tree groups, but that each group is unrelated.DNA analyses of the hedge-orchard detected a different geneticcomposition, but did not detect any obvious loss of genetic diversity comparedto the reference population. This could be due to effects of combining severalgenetically related groups, which are unrelated to each other. In the case ofthe present hedge-orchard, the sampling and selection scheme seems to beappropriate from the standpoint of genetic characteristics.Greater genetic gain is one of the most important factors foroperational plantation, thus selection according to performance is important.Therefore, genetic diversity should be maximized in the sampling strategy forcollecting materials for the hedge-orchard. The microsatellite analysis of thenatural population in Jambi, Sumatra (Rimbawanto & Isoda 2001, unpublished)indicated that combining several wildling populations would not cause the lossof genes but would retain the genetic diversity. In the Dipterocarp Center,there are several hedge-orchards that are currently producing cutting materialsfor plantation. It is essential to evaluate the genetic diversity of the plantationsby investigating the genetic characteristics in other hedge-orchards, as well.In this study, we demonstrated an application of DNA analysis toforestry, and achieved some useful information. This type of analysis should bedone for many other cases including different schemes for sampling and selection,in order to obtain some general idea of appropriate sampling and selectionmethods.
384AcknowledgementWe thank to Mr. Mujahid in the Dipterocarp Center and Ms. Istiana Prihatinifor helping sample collection, Mr. Y. Triyanta and Mr. Y. Hudaya for theirassistance in laboratory work. JICA Forest Tree Improvement Project PhaseII in Indonesia supported this study.ReferencesArmstrong, J.S., Gibbs, A.J., Peakall, R. and Weiller, G. 1994. ‘The RAPDistance Package’ ftp://life.anu.edu.au/pub/software/RAPDistanceFelsenstein, J. 1995. PHYLIP, ver. 3.57c. Univ. Washington, Seattle.Murray, M.G., & Thompson, W.F. 1980. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA.Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 4321-4325.Nei, M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York. .512pp.Nei, M. & Li, W.H. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restrictionendonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5269-5273.Prihatini, I., Rimbawanto A., & Isoda, K. 2001. Population genetic study of Shorea leprosulausing RAPDs (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs). Paper presented at the InternationalConference on ex situ and in situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees. June 11-13,2001Rimbawanto, A. & Isoda, K. 2001. Genetic divergence of Shorea leprosula in a single populationrevealed by microsatellite markers. Paper presented at the International Conference on exsitu and in situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees. June 11-13, 2001Shiraishi, S. & Watanabe, A. 1995. Identification of chloroplast genome between Pinus densifloraSIEB. et ZUCC. and P. thunbergii PARL. based on the polymorphism in rbcL gene. J. Jap.For. Soc. 77: 429-436.Ujino, T., Kawahara, T., Tsumura, Y., Nagamitsu, T., Yoshimaru, H. & Ratnam, W. 1998.Development and polymorphism of simple sequence repeat DNA markers for Shorea curtisiiand other Dipterocarpaceae species. Heredity 81: 422-428.Williams, J.G.K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.A. and Tingey, S.V. 1990. DNApolymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic AcidsRes. 18: 6531-6535.
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
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Ex situ Conservation125
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Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
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Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
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155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
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157the samples depend on the breedi
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159Site selectionIn selecting sites
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161The Status of ex situ Conservati
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163establishment of a system of nat
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165After a while, all these plantin
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167planting activities were not ini
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1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
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171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
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173conducted, particularly on roote
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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
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177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
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179Many attempts have been made to
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181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
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183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
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185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
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187A total of 41 species of diptero
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189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
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Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
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209mating or reproductive system, o
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211collections of several natural p
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Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
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215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
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Population size and the conservatio
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219One needs to start with large nu
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221very little resistance is eviden
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223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
Page 340 and 341: 333Microsatellite markersFour micro
Page 342 and 343: 335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
Page 344 and 345: 337Sampling strategyThe objective o
Page 346 and 347: 339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
Page 348 and 349: 341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
Page 350 and 351: 343clear band observed. These resul
Page 352 and 353: 345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
Page 354 and 355: 347Guiana tropical forest. American
Page 356 and 357: Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
Page 358 and 359: 351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
Page 360 and 361: 353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
Page 362 and 363: 355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
Page 364 and 365: 357determining mating systems and p
Page 366 and 367: 359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
Page 368 and 369: Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
Page 370 and 371: 363manan indicated that there were
Page 372 and 373: 365apparently not encountered. The
Page 374 and 375: 367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
Page 376 and 377: 369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
Page 378 and 379: 371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
Page 380 and 381: 373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
Page 382 and 383: 375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
Page 384 and 385: Estimation of Genetic Variation of
Page 386 and 387: 379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
Page 388 and 389: 381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
Page 392 and 393: Forest Plantation385
Page 394 and 395: Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
Page 396 and 397: 389The forests in the continental r
Page 398 and 399: 391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
Page 400 and 401: 393Besides damage to vegetation, th
Page 402 and 403: 395services and biodiversity, may n
Page 404 and 405: 397forest and agriculture on the sa
Page 406 and 407: 399If forest reserves are ever to p
Page 408 and 409: 401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
Page 410 and 411: 403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
Page 412 and 413: 405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
Page 414 and 415: 407Seed (whenever available, mostly
Page 416 and 417: 409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
Page 418 and 419: 411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
Page 420 and 421: 413the replanting areas are signifi
Page 422 and 423: 415As a comparison, the following d
Page 424 and 425: 417with natural replanting. Also, o
Page 426 and 427: 419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
Page 428 and 429: 421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
Page 430 and 431: 423Overall, growth and survival of
Page 432 and 433: 425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
Page 434 and 435: 427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
Page 436 and 437: 429significant portion of the world
Page 438 and 439: 431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
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445Biological properties of the soi
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447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
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479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
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483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
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Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
Page 540 and 541:
533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
Page 544 and 545:
537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
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539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
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543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
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551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
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553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
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569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
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571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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