In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is 0.172, whereas Kanching and Ulu Sedili geneticdistance was high at 0.442.Table 6 Genetic distance and geographic distance among five D. aromaticapopulationsKanching Lenggor Lesong Bukit Sai Ulu SediliKanching 270 190 210 280Lenggor 0.352 80 240 5Lesong 0.183 0.197 180 90Bukit Sai 0.113 0.208 0.068 250Ulu Sedili 0.442 0.172 0.477 0.474Geographic distance above diagonal (in km)Genetic distance below diagonalUPGMA dendrogram showed two main clusters with Kanching, Lesongand Bukit Sai as one cluster and Lenggor and Ulu Sedili as another (Figure 2).Kanching was separated from Lesong and Bukit Sai.Figure 2 Dendrogram from UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei’s geneticidentity (1978) among five D. aromatica populations
318DiscussionApplication of inter-specific microsatellite primersPrimer DL(GT)202 did not show any amplification, perhaps because therewas no annealing site in D. aromatica. Primers Shc01 and Shc08 were nonspecificfor D. aromatica. Non-specific amplifications may have been due tothe presence of more than one annealing site.Other primers, i.e., Shc02, Shc03, Shc04, Shc07, Shc09, Shc11 andShc17, revealed specific amplifications on agarose gel, showing that theseprimers can be used on D. aromatica. Downey and Iezzoni (2000) succeededin amplifying black cherry (Prunus serotina) using primers developed for otherspecies but in the same genus i.e. sweet cherry (P. avium), peach (P. persica)and sour cherry (P. cerasus).Numbers of alleles detected at microsatellite loci, which had mixedrepeats, i.e., Shc02 and Shc07, were high. Loci Shc03 and Shc04, which hadsimple CT repeats, had low numbers of alleles, i.e., only four and threerespectively. However, locus Shc09, which also contained simple CT repeats,revealed a high number of alleles (7). This is because the application ofmicrosatellite primers across species can cause a deviation in the expectednumber of alleles. Numbers of alleles were higher at loci that were developedspecific for a particular primer compared to loci that are not specific (Bruford& Wayne 1993). This is because during sequence selection of the originalprimer, longer sequences (typically 12 repeats) are selected as primers. Whenused across-species, alelle variation at these loci may be shorter or containother repeats in between, hence reducing the mutation rate and diversity withoutregard to population size. This deviation still needs to be studied. This wasobserved in amplifications among sea turtles (FitzSimmons et al. 1995), but notamong wombats (Taylor et al. 1994).Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumGenotype frequencies of the microsatellite loci that deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expectations may be caused by inbreeding and small population sizes.Seedlings have been reported to have high homozygosity (Muona 1989). Samplesthat could not be amplified due to oxidation by phenolic compounds caused thesample size to drop. Therefore, estimation of homozygosity might not be accurate.However, sampling was done at random for this study. Thus there was no biasin selection of monomorphic or polymorphic loci. Edwards et al.’s (1992) studyon populations of different human races in North America also gave genotypic
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
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Ex situ Conservation125
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Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
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Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
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155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
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157the samples depend on the breedi
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159Site selectionIn selecting sites
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161The Status of ex situ Conservati
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163establishment of a system of nat
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165After a while, all these plantin
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167planting activities were not ini
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1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
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171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
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173conducted, particularly on roote
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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
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177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
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179Many attempts have been made to
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181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
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183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
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185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
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187A total of 41 species of diptero
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189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
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Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
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209mating or reproductive system, o
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211collections of several natural p
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Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
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215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
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Population size and the conservatio
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219One needs to start with large nu
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221very little resistance is eviden
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223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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Page 276 and 277: 269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
Page 278 and 279: 271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
Page 280 and 281: 273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
Page 282 and 283: 275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
Page 284 and 285: 277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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Page 288 and 289: 281inbreeding. There is improved ga
Page 290 and 291: 283that one is often faced in an ap
Page 292 and 293: 285In order to quantify the effecti
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Page 296 and 297: Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
Page 298 and 299: 291can neither rely solely upon see
Page 300 and 301: 293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
Page 302 and 303: 295Potential for Combining a Tree I
Page 304 and 305: 297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
Page 306 and 307: 299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
Page 308 and 309: 301dispersal within populations. Mi
Page 310 and 311: 303The outcrossing rate varied grea
Page 312 and 313: 305and some dipterocarpous species
Page 314 and 315: 307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
Page 316 and 317: 309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
Page 318 and 319: 311Kapur is one of several local sp
Page 320 and 321: 313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
Page 322 and 323: 315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
Page 326 and 327: 319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
Page 328 and 329: 321Genetic differentiation and gene
Page 330 and 331: 323morphological and physiological
Page 332 and 333: A Study of Genetic Variation Using
Page 334 and 335: 327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
Page 336 and 337: 329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
Page 338 and 339: 331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
Page 340 and 341: 333Microsatellite markersFour micro
Page 342 and 343: 335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
Page 344 and 345: 337Sampling strategyThe objective o
Page 346 and 347: 339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
Page 348 and 349: 341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
Page 350 and 351: 343clear band observed. These resul
Page 352 and 353: 345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
Page 354 and 355: 347Guiana tropical forest. American
Page 356 and 357: Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
Page 358 and 359: 351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
Page 360 and 361: 353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
Page 362 and 363: 355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
Page 364 and 365: 357determining mating systems and p
Page 366 and 367: 359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
Page 368 and 369: Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
Page 370 and 371: 363manan indicated that there were
Page 372 and 373: 365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
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419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
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423Overall, growth and survival of
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425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
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427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
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429significant portion of the world
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431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
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445Biological properties of the soi
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447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
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479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
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483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
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Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
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533Notes:*) Means with some letter
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535Plantations in Experimental Fore
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537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
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539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
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543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
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551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
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553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
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569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
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571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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