In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 54. Her Majesty’sStationary Office, London.Franklin, I.R. 1980. Evolutionary changes in small populations. In: Soulé, M.E. & Wilcox, B.A.Conservation Biology. An evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer Associates,Sunderland, MA, pp.134-139.Granhof, J. 1993. Mass production of improved material (2). Seed orchards. Lecture Note D-8.Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark.IPGRI 2000. Technologies and strategies for ex situ conservation. Proceedings of SAT 21Conference: Science and technologies for the 21 st century. IPGI, Rome.Kjær, E.D., Graudal, L. & Nathan, I. 2001. Conservation of genetic resources of commercialtropical trees for the benefit of future generations of humans - The role of ex situ conservation.Paper presented at the International Conference on ex situ and in situ Conservation ofCommercial Tropical Trees. June 11-13, 2001Lauridsen, E.B & K. Olesen 1994. Identification, establishment and management of seed sources.Lecture Note B-2. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark.Prance, G.T. 1997. In: Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V. & Hawkes, J.G. (eds.) Plant geneticconservation. the in situ approach. Chapman & HallWellendorf, H 1989. Possible gains from selection for resistance to needle cast in NorwaySpruce. Unpublished note. The Arboretum, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
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Ex situ Conservation125
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Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
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Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
Page 162 and 163: 155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
Page 164 and 165: 157the samples depend on the breedi
Page 166 and 167: 159Site selectionIn selecting sites
Page 168 and 169: 161The Status of ex situ Conservati
Page 170 and 171: 163establishment of a system of nat
Page 172 and 173: 165After a while, all these plantin
Page 174 and 175: 167planting activities were not ini
Page 176 and 177: 1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
Page 178 and 179: 171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
Page 180 and 181: 173conducted, particularly on roote
Page 182 and 183: 175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
Page 184 and 185: 177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
Page 186 and 187: 179Many attempts have been made to
Page 188 and 189: 181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
Page 190 and 191: 183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
Page 192 and 193: 185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
Page 194 and 195: 187A total of 41 species of diptero
Page 196 and 197: 189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
Page 198 and 199: Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
Page 200 and 201: 193Practical Experience with Ex sit
Page 202 and 203: 195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
Page 204 and 205: 197Isolation from contaminating pol
Page 206 and 207: 199clear where dead trees were loca
Page 208 and 209: 201What is the Conservation Value o
Page 210 and 211: 2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
Page 214 and 215: 207Genetical Studies for Conservati
Page 216 and 217: 209mating or reproductive system, o
Page 218 and 219: 211collections of several natural p
Page 220 and 221: Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
Page 222 and 223: 215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
Page 224 and 225: Population size and the conservatio
Page 226 and 227: 219One needs to start with large nu
Page 228 and 229: 221very little resistance is eviden
Page 230 and 231: 223Maintenance of genetic diversity
Page 232 and 233: 225used to establish a gene resourc
Page 234 and 235: 227Selection and mating proceduresG
Page 236 and 237: 229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
Page 238 and 239: 231Current Status of Tree Improveme
Page 240 and 241: 233(1) determine genetic variation
Page 242 and 243: 235Production Forests, Large-Scale
Page 244 and 245: 237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
Page 246 and 247: 239SpeciesBased on species/group of
Page 248 and 249: 241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
Page 250 and 251: 243First Generation Breeding Strate
Page 252 and 253: 245Table 5. Individual and Family H
Page 254 and 255: 247full-sib mating (single or doubl
Page 256 and 257: Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
Page 258 and 259: 251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
Page 260 and 261: 253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
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419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
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423Overall, growth and survival of
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425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
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427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
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429significant portion of the world
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431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
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445Biological properties of the soi
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447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
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479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
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483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
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Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
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533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
Page 544 and 545:
537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
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539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
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543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
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551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
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553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
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569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
Page 578:
571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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