In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiStaf Ahli Menteri KehutananR & D Biotechnology - LIPIPhone: 021-573 0203Phone:Fax.: 021-570 0226Fax.:sam04@dephut.cbn.net.ids_enny@hotmail.comF. Suhartono Wijoyo Gusti HardiansyahPT. Sumalindo Lestari JayaPT. Sari Bumi KusumaPhone: 0541-261 277 Phone: 021-638 63807Fax.: 0541-260 821 Fax.: 021-638 63804fswijoyo@sumalindo.astra.co.idphcab@pontianak.wasantara.net.idH.S. EndarjantoHari SancokoPT. Menara Hutan BuanaPT. INHUTANI VPhone: 0511-772 605 Phone: 021-570 1104Fax.: 0511-781 044 Fax.: 021-570 0263Harmastini I SoekimanHashimoto KyojiR & D Center for BiotechnologyJICA - PurwobinangunPhone: 021-875 4587 Phone: 0274-897 306Fax.: 021-875 4588 Fax.: 0274-897 306ismayadi@indo.net.idjica@idola.net.idHery SuhartoyoIin P. HandayaniFakultas Pertanian, Univ. Bengkulu Fakultas Pertanian, Univ. BengkuluPhone: 0736-211 70 ext. 209 Phone: 0736-341 476Fax.: 0736-341 476 Fax.: 0736-341 476yasva@bengkulu.wasantara.net.id yasva@bengkulu.wasantara.net.idIPG ArdhanaIrsyal YasmanPPLH Lemlit Universitas UdayaPT. INHUTANI IPhone: 0361-236 221 Phone: 021-573 1724Fax.: 0361-236 221 Fax.: 021-573 4335pplh-unud@denpasar.wasantara.net.id iyasman@cbn.net.idIstiana PrihatiniJ. Pramana Gentur SutapaPuslitbang BPTHFaculty of ForestryPhone: 0274-895 954 Phone: 0274-901426Fax.: 0274-896 080 Fax.: 0274-901420istiana2000@yahoo.comfkt-ugm@indo.net.idKade SidiyasaKhomsatunBPK SamarindaPT. ITCI Kartika UtamaPhone: 0541-206 364 Phone: 0542-840 005Fax.: 0541-742 298 Fax.: 0542-840 014bpk-smd@smd.indo.net.id565
566Keiya IsodaKurinobu SusumuJICAJICAPhone: 0274-895 954 Phone: 0274-897 306Fax.: 0274-896 080 Fax.: 0274-897 306rimba@indo.net.idkurinobu@affrc.go.jpKuswandaLinda NovitaITTO - JakartaBPPTPhone: 021-570 5096 Phone: 021-756 0562 ext. 1555Fax.: 021-571 0418 Fax.: 021-756 0208ittosfm@indo.net.idlinda-novita@mailcity.comM. Hesti Lestari Tata MistoForest and Nature ConservationMahasiswa S2hesti@usim.or.idPasca Sarjana UGMMohammad Na’iemMuhandis NatadiwiryaPuslit BPTHPT. INHUTANI IPhone: 0274-895 954 Phone: 021-573 1724Fax.: 0274-896 080 Fax.: 021-573 4335mohammadnaiem@yahoo.comMulawarmanICRAFPhone: 0251-625 415Fax.: 0251-625 416mulawarman@cgiar.orgNana SuparnaPT. Sari Bumi KusumaPhone:Fax.:nsuparna@cbn.net.idNi Luh SurianiNina JuliatyPPLH Lemlit UnudBalai Penelitian Kehutanan SamarindaPhone: 0361-236 221 Phone: 0541-206 364Fax.: 0361-236 180 Fax.: 0541-742 298pplh-unud@denpasar.wasantara.net.id bpk-smd@smd.indo.net.idNursumediOemi Hani’in SusenoMahasiswa S2Faculty of Forestry, GMUPasca Sarjana UGM Phone: 0274-545 639Fax.: 0274-545 639itto-gmu@yogya.wasantara.net.idPaiminParluhutan SimanjuntakBalai Teknologi Reboisasi Palembang PT. INHUTANI V - JambiPhone: 0711-414 864 Phone: 0741-444 467Fax.: 0711-414 864 Fax.: 0741-444 469forti@palembang.wasantara.net.id
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
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Ex situ Conservation125
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Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
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Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
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155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
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157the samples depend on the breedi
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159Site selectionIn selecting sites
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161The Status of ex situ Conservati
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163establishment of a system of nat
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165After a while, all these plantin
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167planting activities were not ini
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1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
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171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
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173conducted, particularly on roote
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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
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177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
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179Many attempts have been made to
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181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
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183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
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185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
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187A total of 41 species of diptero
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189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
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Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
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209mating or reproductive system, o
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211collections of several natural p
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Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
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215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
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Population size and the conservatio
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219One needs to start with large nu
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221very little resistance is eviden
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223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
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419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
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423Overall, growth and survival of
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425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
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427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
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429significant portion of the world
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431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
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445Biological properties of the soi
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447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
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479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
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483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
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Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
Page 522 and 523: 5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
Page 524 and 525: 517During 65 days of enlargement pr
Page 526 and 527: 519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
Page 528 and 529: 521temperature stimulated floral in
Page 530 and 531: 5231989). Such foraging behavior al
Page 532 and 533: Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
Page 534 and 535: 527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
Page 536 and 537: Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
Page 538 and 539: 531These h 2 estimates ranged from
Page 540 and 541: 533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543: 535Plantations in Experimental Fore
Page 544 and 545: 537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
Page 546 and 547: 539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
Page 548 and 549: 541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
Page 550 and 551: 543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
Page 552 and 553: 545of protected forestlands, includ
Page 554 and 555: 547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
Page 556 and 557: 549• The establishment of planted
Page 558 and 559: 551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
Page 560 and 561: 553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
Page 562 and 563: 5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
Page 564 and 565: 557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
Page 566 and 567: Appendix559
Page 568 and 569: International Conference onex situ
Page 570 and 571: 563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
Page 574 and 575: 567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
Page 576 and 577: 569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
Page 578: 571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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