In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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435this study suggests that the values of C accumulated/sequestered varied fromsite-to-site according to the extent and value of agricultural activity associatedwith each.Finally, it is clear that ecosystem diversity, which is associated withcapability for C-sequestration, species richness, and intraspecific geneticvariability, altogether must be worth many billions of dollars to the Indonesianeconomy. This implies that there is a strong reason for any organization orinstitution whose activities impact C-fixation assets to consider very carefullythe true economic benefits of its activities relative to the true economic benefitsof avoiding or reducing those impacts.ConclusionPotential carbon dioxide emissions were reduced about 31-40% when the soilswere returned to forest cover and by 14-36% when the soils were returned tograssland. Soil carbon storage increased from 39-54% and 16-35% whencultivated fields were established to forest and grass, respectively. Returningthe previously cultivated soils resulted in an increase in soil organic carbon inthe surface 60 cm at a mean rate 0.59-1.22 g C kg -1 yr -1 in forest and 0.27-1.04g C kg -1 yr -1 in grassland. In general, the relative rate of carbon sequestrationduring reforestation was two times higher compared to grassland establishmentfollowing cultivation. In conclusion, the forest and grass sites in Bengkulu,Sumatra can be said to be providing a global service function worth US$ 95billion and 47 billion on the unit of the global cropland area (1.5 x 10 7 km 2 ),respectively. However, this study also suggested that the values of Caccumulated/sequestered varied from site-to-site according to the extent andvalue of agricultural activity associated with each.AcknowledgementFinancial support was provided by the Indonesia Research Institute throughNational High Competitive Research (Riset Unggulan Terpadu VII). Theauthors thank Zainal Muktamar, Bambang Gonggo, Yulian Hardi, Meizar, YuliHastuti, Ningsi, Adesia, Desi, Isrofi and Hendri for laboratory and field support.
436ReferencesAndrews, J.A., K.G. Harrison, R. Matamala, & Schlesinger, W.H. 1999. Separation of rootrespiration from total respiration using C-13 labeling during free-air carbon dioxide enrichment(FACE). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63:1429-1435.Ball, A.S., & B.G. Drake. 1998. Stimulation of soil respiration by carbon dioxide enrichment ofmarsh vegetation. Soil Biol.Biochem.30:1203-1205.Batjes, N.H. 1996. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European J. Soil Sci.,47:151-163.Cheng, W. 1996. Measurement of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decompositionusing natural 13 C. Plant Soil 183:263-268.Dixon, J.A., & Sherman, P.B. 1990. Economics of protected areas: A new look at benefits andcosts. Island Press. Washington, D.C.Eswaran, H., E. Van Der Berg & Reich, P. 1993. Organic carbon in soil of the world. Soil Sci. Soc.Am. J. 57:192-194.Feller, C., & Beare, M.H. 1997. Physical control of soil organic matter dynamics in the tropics.Geoderma 79:69-116.Handayani, I.P. 1991. Temporal Variability of a Typic Albaqualf as Affected by Cropping. MSThesis. University of Arkansas. USA.Handayani, I.P. 1996. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools and Transformations after 23 years ofNo Tillage and Conventional Tillage. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Kentucky, Lexington,KYHandayani, I.P. & Prawito, P. 1998.Dinamika mineralisasi C dan N pada lahan alang-alang danhutan. J. Tanah Tropika 2:93-102.Handayani, I.P. , & Prawito, P. 1999. Daya mineralisasi C dan N pada lahan alang-alang (Imperatacylindrica). Makalah Seminar Nasional Hasil Penelitian Dasar Perguruan Tinggi. HotelWisata Internasional Jakarta.Handayani, I.P. 2000a. Changes in soil organic matter pool during shifting cultivation in Bengkulu,Sumatra. Jurnal Penelitian UNIB VI (17):22-27.Handayani, I.P. 2000b. Assessment of soil quality on cultivated and Imperata fallow fields.International Seminar and Congress Southeast Asian Agricultural Science Society. Bogor 6-8 November 2000.Handayani, I,P., Prawito, P., & Lestari, P. 2000a. Kuantifikasi biologically active C pools tanahpada ekosistem hutan, pertanian dan padang alang-alang. Makalah Seminar Nasional PBI.Bandung 6-7 Juli 2000.Handayani, I.P., Prawito,P. & Lestari, P. 2000b. Fraksionasi bahan organik tanah pada lahanlahanpaska deforestasi. Proseeding Seminar Nasional. FAPERTA PTN BKS Barat. Bengkulu23-24 Oktober 2000.Handayani, I.P., Prawito, P & Lestari, P. 2001. Daya Suplai N dan Farksionasi Pool C-N Labilpada lahan kritis: Kajian peranan agregrat tanah dan mineral lempung. Laporan RUT VII/2.Lembaga Penelitian UNIB. 2000IPCC. 1994. Radioactive forcing of climate change. The 1994 report of the scientific assessmentworking group of IPCC. Summary for policymakers.WMO/UNEP.Geneva.Lal,R., Kimble, J.M., Follet,R.F., & Cole, C.V. 1998. The Potential of U.S. Cropland to SequesterCarbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea,MI.Mann, L.L. 1986. Changes in soil carbon storage after cultivation. Soil Sci. 142:279-288.Martins, P.F.S., Cerri, C.C. Volkoff, B, Andreux, F., & Chauvel, A. 1991. Consequences ofclearing and tillage on the soil of a natural Amazonian ecosystem. Forest Ecology andManagement 38:273-282.
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
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30The scale of a bioregion will ref
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32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
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34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
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36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
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38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
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406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
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42in national development are consi
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44focus of these conservation effor
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46Anticipating a worsening conditio
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48Forestry official could reach the
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50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
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53Status of In Situ Conservation of
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55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
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Table 4. Areas under National Parks
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Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
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61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
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appropriate method and time for see
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65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
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Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
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70sub-marginal forest (includes the
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72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
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74Government policy initiatives and
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76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
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78In situ conservationThis conserva
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80biodiversity conservation measure
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82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
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84losses of forestlands in Thailand
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86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
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88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
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90A species area curve index was co
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92The ecologically- important tree
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94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
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97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
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frequency, and basal area of each s
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101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
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103With approximately US$340 millio
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105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
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107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
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109in close partnership with severa
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111Current StatusThe completion of
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113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
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115However, they should be more str
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117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
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119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
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121established pre-conditions (sele
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123Sub-program), indicating the adv
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Ex situ Conservation125
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Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
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Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
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155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
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157the samples depend on the breedi
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159Site selectionIn selecting sites
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161The Status of ex situ Conservati
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163establishment of a system of nat
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165After a while, all these plantin
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167planting activities were not ini
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1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
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171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
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173conducted, particularly on roote
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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
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177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
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179Many attempts have been made to
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181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
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183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
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185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
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187A total of 41 species of diptero
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189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
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Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
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209mating or reproductive system, o
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211collections of several natural p
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Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
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215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
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Population size and the conservatio
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219One needs to start with large nu
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221very little resistance is eviden
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223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
Page 392 and 393: Forest Plantation385
Page 394 and 395: Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
Page 396 and 397: 389The forests in the continental r
Page 398 and 399: 391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
Page 400 and 401: 393Besides damage to vegetation, th
Page 402 and 403: 395services and biodiversity, may n
Page 404 and 405: 397forest and agriculture on the sa
Page 406 and 407: 399If forest reserves are ever to p
Page 408 and 409: 401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
Page 410 and 411: 403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
Page 412 and 413: 405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
Page 414 and 415: 407Seed (whenever available, mostly
Page 416 and 417: 409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
Page 418 and 419: 411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
Page 420 and 421: 413the replanting areas are signifi
Page 422 and 423: 415As a comparison, the following d
Page 424 and 425: 417with natural replanting. Also, o
Page 426 and 427: 419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
Page 428 and 429: 421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
Page 430 and 431: 423Overall, growth and survival of
Page 432 and 433: 425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
Page 434 and 435: 427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
Page 436 and 437: 429significant portion of the world
Page 438 and 439: 431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
Page 440 and 441: 433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
Page 444 and 445: 437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
Page 446 and 447: Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
Page 448 and 449: 441three weeks prior to transplanti
Page 450 and 451: 443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
Page 452 and 453: 445Biological properties of the soi
Page 454 and 455: 447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
Page 456 and 457: 449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
Page 458 and 459: 451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
Page 460 and 461: 453Table 1. Species identified by I
Page 462 and 463: 455seed available from national or
Page 464 and 465: Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
Page 466 and 467: 459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
Page 468 and 469: 461preliminary study using an unive
Page 470 and 471: 463Nevertheless, inability to form
Page 472 and 473: 465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
Page 474 and 475: 467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
Page 476 and 477: 469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
Page 478 and 479: 471What is the meaning of diversity
Page 480 and 481: 473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
Page 482 and 483: 475Evidence of interest in internat
Page 484 and 485: 477the entire ecosystem, including
Page 486 and 487: 479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
Page 488 and 489: 481Additional Activities to Ex situ
Page 490 and 491: 483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
Page 516 and 517:
Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
Page 540 and 541:
533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
Page 544 and 545:
537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
Page 546 and 547:
539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
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543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
Page 558 and 559:
551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
Page 560 and 561:
553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
Page 568 and 569:
International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
Page 576 and 577:
569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
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571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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